diff --git a/hscontrol/auth.go b/hscontrol/auth.go
index 43dfd2b0..78db626b 100644
--- a/hscontrol/auth.go
+++ b/hscontrol/auth.go
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ func (h *Headscale) handleAuthKey(
 
 		machine.NodeKey = nodeKey
 		machine.AuthKeyID = uint(pak.ID)
-		err := h.db.RefreshMachine(machine, registerRequest.Expiry)
+		err := h.db.MachineSetExpiry(machine, registerRequest.Expiry)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error().
 				Caller().
@@ -510,7 +510,8 @@ func (h *Headscale) handleMachineLogOut(
 		Str("machine", machine.Hostname).
 		Msg("Client requested logout")
 
-	err := h.db.ExpireMachine(&machine)
+	now := time.Now()
+	err := h.db.MachineSetExpiry(&machine, now)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error().
 			Caller().
@@ -552,7 +553,7 @@ func (h *Headscale) handleMachineLogOut(
 	}
 
 	if machine.IsEphemeral() {
-		err = h.db.HardDeleteMachine(&machine)
+		err = h.db.DeleteMachine(&machine)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error().
 				Err(err).
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/api_key.go b/hscontrol/db/api_key.go
index 4e4030eb..bc8dc2bb 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/api_key.go
+++ b/hscontrol/db/api_key.go
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ var ErrAPIKeyFailedToParse = errors.New("failed to parse ApiKey")
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) CreateAPIKey(
 	expiration *time.Time,
 ) (string, *types.APIKey, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	prefix, err := util.GenerateRandomStringURLSafe(apiPrefixLength)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", nil, err
@@ -55,6 +58,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) CreateAPIKey(
 
 // ListAPIKeys returns the list of ApiKeys for a user.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListAPIKeys() ([]types.APIKey, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	keys := []types.APIKey{}
 	if err := hsdb.db.Find(&keys).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -65,6 +71,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListAPIKeys() ([]types.APIKey, error) {
 
 // GetAPIKey returns a ApiKey for a given key.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetAPIKey(prefix string) (*types.APIKey, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	key := types.APIKey{}
 	if result := hsdb.db.First(&key, "prefix = ?", prefix); result.Error != nil {
 		return nil, result.Error
@@ -75,6 +84,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetAPIKey(prefix string) (*types.APIKey, error) {
 
 // GetAPIKeyByID returns a ApiKey for a given id.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetAPIKeyByID(id uint64) (*types.APIKey, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	key := types.APIKey{}
 	if result := hsdb.db.Find(&types.APIKey{ID: id}).First(&key); result.Error != nil {
 		return nil, result.Error
@@ -86,6 +98,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetAPIKeyByID(id uint64) (*types.APIKey, error) {
 // DestroyAPIKey destroys a ApiKey. Returns error if the ApiKey
 // does not exist.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DestroyAPIKey(key types.APIKey) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	if result := hsdb.db.Unscoped().Delete(key); result.Error != nil {
 		return result.Error
 	}
@@ -95,6 +110,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DestroyAPIKey(key types.APIKey) error {
 
 // ExpireAPIKey marks a ApiKey as expired.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireAPIKey(key *types.APIKey) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	if err := hsdb.db.Model(&key).Update("Expiration", time.Now()).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -103,6 +121,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireAPIKey(key *types.APIKey) error {
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ValidateAPIKey(keyStr string) (bool, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	prefix, hash, found := strings.Cut(keyStr, ".")
 	if !found {
 		return false, ErrAPIKeyFailedToParse
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/db.go b/hscontrol/db/db.go
index ea6ce21f..19bf9425 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/db.go
+++ b/hscontrol/db/db.go
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ type HSDatabase struct {
 	db       *gorm.DB
 	notifier *notifier.Notifier
 
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+
 	ipAllocationMutex sync.Mutex
 
 	ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/machine.go b/hscontrol/db/machine.go
index 47dfaa12..033492e1 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/machine.go
+++ b/hscontrol/db/machine.go
@@ -36,6 +36,13 @@ var (
 
 // ListPeers returns all peers of machine, regardless of any Policy or if the node is expired.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListPeers(machine *types.Machine) (types.Machines, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.listPeers(machine)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) listPeers(machine *types.Machine) (types.Machines, error) {
 	log.Trace().
 		Caller().
 		Str("machine", machine.Hostname).
@@ -63,6 +70,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListPeers(machine *types.Machine) (types.Machines, error
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListMachines() ([]types.Machine, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.listMachines()
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) listMachines() ([]types.Machine, error) {
 	machines := []types.Machine{}
 	if err := hsdb.db.
 		Preload("AuthKey").
@@ -77,6 +91,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListMachines() ([]types.Machine, error) {
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListMachinesByGivenName(givenName string) (types.Machines, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.listMachinesByGivenName(givenName)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) listMachinesByGivenName(givenName string) (types.Machines, error) {
 	machines := types.Machines{}
 	if err := hsdb.db.
 		Preload("AuthKey").
@@ -92,6 +113,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListMachinesByGivenName(givenName string) (types.Machine
 
 // GetMachine finds a Machine by name and user and returns the Machine struct.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachine(user string, name string) (*types.Machine, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	machines, err := hsdb.ListMachinesByUser(user)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -111,15 +135,17 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByGivenName(
 	user string,
 	givenName string,
 ) (*types.Machine, error) {
-	machines, err := hsdb.ListMachinesByUser(user)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
 
-	for _, m := range machines {
-		if m.GivenName == givenName {
-			return &m, nil
-		}
+	machine := types.Machine{}
+	if err := hsdb.db.
+		Preload("AuthKey").
+		Preload("AuthKey.User").
+		Preload("User").
+		Preload("Routes").
+		Where("given_name = ?", givenName).First(&machine).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	return nil, ErrMachineNotFound
@@ -127,6 +153,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByGivenName(
 
 // GetMachineByID finds a Machine by ID and returns the Machine struct.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByID(id uint64) (*types.Machine, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	mach := types.Machine{}
 	if result := hsdb.db.
 		Preload("AuthKey").
@@ -144,6 +173,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByID(id uint64) (*types.Machine, error) {
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByMachineKey(
 	machineKey key.MachinePublic,
 ) (*types.Machine, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	mach := types.Machine{}
 	if result := hsdb.db.
 		Preload("AuthKey").
@@ -161,6 +193,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByMachineKey(
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByNodeKey(
 	nodeKey key.NodePublic,
 ) (*types.Machine, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	machine := types.Machine{}
 	if result := hsdb.db.
 		Preload("AuthKey").
@@ -179,6 +214,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByNodeKey(
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByAnyKey(
 	machineKey key.MachinePublic, nodeKey key.NodePublic, oldNodeKey key.NodePublic,
 ) (*types.Machine, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	machine := types.Machine{}
 	if result := hsdb.db.
 		Preload("AuthKey").
@@ -195,10 +233,10 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineByAnyKey(
 	return &machine, nil
 }
 
-// TODO(kradalby): rename this, it sounds like a mix of getting and setting to db
-// UpdateMachineFromDatabase takes a Machine struct pointer (typically already loaded from database
-// and updates it with the latest data from the database.
-func (hsdb *HSDatabase) UpdateMachineFromDatabase(machine *types.Machine) error {
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) MachineReloadFromDatabase(machine *types.Machine) error {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	if result := hsdb.db.Find(machine).First(&machine); result.Error != nil {
 		return result.Error
 	}
@@ -211,46 +249,36 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) SetTags(
 	machine *types.Machine,
 	tags []string,
 ) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	newTags := []string{}
 	for _, tag := range tags {
 		if !util.StringOrPrefixListContains(newTags, tag) {
 			newTags = append(newTags, tag)
 		}
 	}
-	machine.ForcedTags = newTags
 
-	hsdb.notifier.NotifyWithIgnore(types.StateUpdate{
-		Type:    types.StatePeerChanged,
-		Changed: []uint64{machine.ID},
-	}, machine.MachineKey)
-
-	if err := hsdb.db.Save(machine).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := hsdb.db.Model(machine).Updates(types.Machine{
+		ForcedTags: newTags,
+	}).Error; err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update tags for machine in the database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return nil
-}
-
-// ExpireMachine takes a Machine struct and sets the expire field to now.
-func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireMachine(machine *types.Machine) error {
-	now := time.Now()
-	machine.Expiry = &now
-
 	hsdb.notifier.NotifyWithIgnore(types.StateUpdate{
 		Type:    types.StatePeerChanged,
 		Changed: []uint64{machine.ID},
 	}, machine.MachineKey)
 
-	if err := hsdb.db.Save(machine).Error; err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to expire machine in the database: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
 // RenameMachine takes a Machine struct and a new GivenName for the machines
 // and renames it.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RenameMachine(machine *types.Machine, newName string) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	err := util.CheckForFQDNRules(
 		newName,
 	)
@@ -260,82 +288,93 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RenameMachine(machine *types.Machine, newName string) er
 			Str("func", "RenameMachine").
 			Str("machine", machine.Hostname).
 			Str("newName", newName).
-			Err(err)
+			Err(err).
+			Msg("failed to rename machine")
 
 		return err
 	}
 	machine.GivenName = newName
 
+	if err := hsdb.db.Model(machine).Updates(types.Machine{
+		GivenName: newName,
+	}).Error; err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to rename machine in the database: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	hsdb.notifier.NotifyWithIgnore(types.StateUpdate{
 		Type:    types.StatePeerChanged,
 		Changed: []uint64{machine.ID},
 	}, machine.MachineKey)
 
-	if err := hsdb.db.Save(machine).Error; err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to rename machine in the database: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
-// RefreshMachine takes a Machine struct and  a new expiry time.
-func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RefreshMachine(machine *types.Machine, expiry time.Time) error {
+// MachineSetExpiry takes a Machine struct and  a new expiry time.
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) MachineSetExpiry(machine *types.Machine, expiry time.Time) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return hsdb.machineSetExpiry(machine, expiry)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) machineSetExpiry(machine *types.Machine, expiry time.Time) error {
 	now := time.Now()
 
-	machine.LastSuccessfulUpdate = &now
-	machine.Expiry = &expiry
-
-	hsdb.notifier.NotifyWithIgnore(types.StateUpdate{
-		Type:    types.StatePeerChanged,
-		Changed: []uint64{machine.ID},
-	}, machine.MachineKey)
-
-	if err := hsdb.db.Save(machine).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := hsdb.db.Model(machine).Updates(types.Machine{
+		LastSuccessfulUpdate: &now,
+		Expiry:               &expiry,
+	}).Error; err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf(
 			"failed to refresh machine (update expiration) in the database: %w",
 			err,
 		)
 	}
 
+	hsdb.notifier.NotifyWithIgnore(types.StateUpdate{
+		Type:    types.StatePeerChanged,
+		Changed: []uint64{machine.ID},
+	}, machine.MachineKey)
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-// DeleteMachine softs deletes a Machine from the database.
+// DeleteMachine deletes a Machine from the database.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DeleteMachine(machine *types.Machine) error {
-	err := hsdb.DeleteMachineRoutes(machine)
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return hsdb.deleteMachine(machine)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) deleteMachine(machine *types.Machine) error {
+	err := hsdb.deleteMachineRoutes(machine)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := hsdb.db.Delete(&machine).Error; err != nil {
+	// Unscoped causes the machine to be fully removed from the database.
+	if err := hsdb.db.Unscoped().Delete(&machine).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	hsdb.notifier.NotifyAll(types.StateUpdate{
+		Type:    types.StatePeerRemoved,
+		Removed: []tailcfg.NodeID{tailcfg.NodeID(machine.ID)},
+	})
+
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) TouchMachine(machine *types.Machine) error {
-	return hsdb.db.Updates(types.Machine{
-		ID:                   machine.ID,
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return hsdb.db.Model(machine).Updates(types.Machine{
 		LastSeen:             machine.LastSeen,
 		LastSuccessfulUpdate: machine.LastSuccessfulUpdate,
 	}).Error
 }
 
-// HardDeleteMachine hard deletes a Machine from the database.
-func (hsdb *HSDatabase) HardDeleteMachine(machine *types.Machine) error {
-	err := hsdb.DeleteMachineRoutes(machine)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := hsdb.db.Unscoped().Delete(&machine).Error; err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RegisterMachineFromAuthCallback(
 	cache *cache.Cache,
 	nodeKeyStr string,
@@ -343,6 +382,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RegisterMachineFromAuthCallback(
 	machineExpiry *time.Time,
 	registrationMethod string,
 ) (*types.Machine, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	nodeKey := key.NodePublic{}
 	err := nodeKey.UnmarshalText([]byte(nodeKeyStr))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -358,7 +400,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RegisterMachineFromAuthCallback(
 
 	if machineInterface, ok := cache.Get(util.NodePublicKeyStripPrefix(nodeKey)); ok {
 		if registrationMachine, ok := machineInterface.(types.Machine); ok {
-			user, err := hsdb.GetUser(userName)
+			user, err := hsdb.getUser(userName)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf(
 					"failed to find user in register machine from auth callback, %w",
@@ -379,7 +421,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RegisterMachineFromAuthCallback(
 				registrationMachine.Expiry = machineExpiry
 			}
 
-			machine, err := hsdb.RegisterMachine(
+			machine, err := hsdb.registerMachine(
 				registrationMachine,
 			)
 
@@ -397,8 +439,14 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RegisterMachineFromAuthCallback(
 }
 
 // RegisterMachine is executed from the CLI to register a new Machine using its MachineKey.
-func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RegisterMachine(machine types.Machine,
-) (*types.Machine, error) {
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RegisterMachine(machine types.Machine) (*types.Machine, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return hsdb.registerMachine(machine)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) registerMachine(machine types.Machine) (*types.Machine, error) {
 	log.Debug().
 		Str("machine", machine.Hostname).
 		Str("machine_key", machine.MachineKey).
@@ -456,9 +504,12 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RegisterMachine(machine types.Machine,
 
 // MachineSetNodeKey sets the node key of a machine and saves it to the database.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) MachineSetNodeKey(machine *types.Machine, nodeKey key.NodePublic) error {
-	machine.NodeKey = util.NodePublicKeyStripPrefix(nodeKey)
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
 
-	if err := hsdb.db.Save(machine).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := hsdb.db.Model(machine).Updates(types.Machine{
+		NodeKey: util.NodePublicKeyStripPrefix(nodeKey),
+	}).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -468,11 +519,14 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) MachineSetNodeKey(machine *types.Machine, nodeKey key.No
 // MachineSetMachineKey sets the machine key of a machine and saves it to the database.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) MachineSetMachineKey(
 	machine *types.Machine,
-	nodeKey key.MachinePublic,
+	machineKey key.MachinePublic,
 ) error {
-	machine.MachineKey = util.MachinePublicKeyStripPrefix(nodeKey)
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
 
-	if err := hsdb.db.Save(machine).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := hsdb.db.Model(machine).Updates(types.Machine{
+		MachineKey: util.MachinePublicKeyStripPrefix(machineKey),
+	}).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -482,6 +536,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) MachineSetMachineKey(
 // MachineSave saves a machine object to the database, prefer to use a specific save method rather
 // than this. It is intended to be used when we are changing or.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) MachineSave(machine *types.Machine) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	if err := hsdb.db.Save(machine).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -491,6 +548,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) MachineSave(machine *types.Machine) error {
 
 // GetAdvertisedRoutes returns the routes that are be advertised by the given machine.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetAdvertisedRoutes(machine *types.Machine) ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.getAdvertisedRoutes(machine)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) getAdvertisedRoutes(machine *types.Machine) ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
 	routes := types.Routes{}
 
 	err := hsdb.db.
@@ -516,6 +580,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetAdvertisedRoutes(machine *types.Machine) ([]netip.Pre
 
 // GetEnabledRoutes returns the routes that are enabled for the machine.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetEnabledRoutes(machine *types.Machine) ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.getEnabledRoutes(machine)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) getEnabledRoutes(machine *types.Machine) ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
 	routes := types.Routes{}
 
 	err := hsdb.db.
@@ -541,12 +612,15 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetEnabledRoutes(machine *types.Machine) ([]netip.Prefix
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) IsRoutesEnabled(machine *types.Machine, routeStr string) bool {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	route, err := netip.ParsePrefix(routeStr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	enabledRoutes, err := hsdb.GetEnabledRoutes(machine)
+	enabledRoutes, err := hsdb.getEnabledRoutes(machine)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error().Err(err).Msg("Could not get enabled routes")
 
@@ -575,7 +649,10 @@ func OnlineMachineMap(peers types.Machines) map[tailcfg.NodeID]bool {
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListOnlineMachines(
 	machine *types.Machine,
 ) (map[tailcfg.NodeID]bool, error) {
-	peers, err := hsdb.ListPeers(machine)
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	peers, err := hsdb.listPeers(machine)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -595,7 +672,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) enableRoutes(machine *types.Machine, routeStrs ...string
 		newRoutes[index] = route
 	}
 
-	advertisedRoutes, err := hsdb.GetAdvertisedRoutes(machine)
+	advertisedRoutes, err := hsdb.getAdvertisedRoutes(machine)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -642,7 +719,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) enableRoutes(machine *types.Machine, routeStrs ...string
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (hsdb *HSDatabase) generateGivenName(suppliedName string, randomSuffix bool) (string, error) {
+func generateGivenName(suppliedName string, randomSuffix bool) (string, error) {
 	normalizedHostname, err := util.NormalizeToFQDNRulesConfigFromViper(
 		suppliedName,
 	)
@@ -669,20 +746,23 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) generateGivenName(suppliedName string, randomSuffix bool
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GenerateGivenName(machineKey string, suppliedName string) (string, error) {
-	givenName, err := hsdb.generateGivenName(suppliedName, false)
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	givenName, err := generateGivenName(suppliedName, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	// Tailscale rules (may differ) https://tailscale.com/kb/1098/machine-names/
-	machines, err := hsdb.ListMachinesByGivenName(givenName)
+	machines, err := hsdb.listMachinesByGivenName(givenName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	for _, machine := range machines {
 		if machine.MachineKey != machineKey && machine.GivenName == givenName {
-			postfixedName, err := hsdb.generateGivenName(suppliedName, true)
+			postfixedName, err := generateGivenName(suppliedName, true)
 			if err != nil {
 				return "", err
 			}
@@ -695,7 +775,10 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GenerateGivenName(machineKey string, suppliedName string
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireEphemeralMachines(inactivityThreshhold time.Duration) {
-	users, err := hsdb.ListUsers()
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	users, err := hsdb.listUsers()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error().Err(err).Msg("Error listing users")
 
@@ -703,7 +786,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireEphemeralMachines(inactivityThreshhold time.Durati
 	}
 
 	for _, user := range users {
-		machines, err := hsdb.ListMachinesByUser(user.Name)
+		machines, err := hsdb.listMachinesByUser(user.Name)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error().
 				Err(err).
@@ -724,7 +807,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireEphemeralMachines(inactivityThreshhold time.Durati
 					Str("machine", machine.Hostname).
 					Msg("Ephemeral client removed from database")
 
-				err = hsdb.HardDeleteMachine(&machines[idx])
+				err = hsdb.deleteMachine(&machines[idx])
 				if err != nil {
 					log.Error().
 						Err(err).
@@ -744,12 +827,15 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireEphemeralMachines(inactivityThreshhold time.Durati
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireExpiredMachines(lastCheck time.Time) time.Time {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	// use the time of the start of the function to ensure we
 	// dont miss some machines by returning it _after_ we have
 	// checked everything.
 	started := time.Now()
 
-	users, err := hsdb.ListUsers()
+	users, err := hsdb.listUsers()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error().Err(err).Msg("Error listing users")
 
@@ -757,7 +843,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireExpiredMachines(lastCheck time.Time) time.Time {
 	}
 
 	for _, user := range users {
-		machines, err := hsdb.ListMachinesByUser(user.Name)
+		machines, err := hsdb.listMachinesByUser(user.Name)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error().
 				Err(err).
@@ -773,7 +859,8 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpireExpiredMachines(lastCheck time.Time) time.Time {
 				machine.Expiry.After(lastCheck) {
 				expired = append(expired, tailcfg.NodeID(machine.ID))
 
-				err := hsdb.ExpireMachine(&machines[index])
+				now := time.Now()
+				err := hsdb.machineSetExpiry(&machines[index], now)
 				if err != nil {
 					log.Error().
 						Err(err).
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/machine_test.go b/hscontrol/db/machine_test.go
index 0220bb81..7f837e06 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/machine_test.go
+++ b/hscontrol/db/machine_test.go
@@ -127,28 +127,6 @@ func (s *Suite) TestGetMachineByAnyNodeKey(c *check.C) {
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 }
 
-func (s *Suite) TestDeleteMachine(c *check.C) {
-	user, err := db.CreateUser("test")
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-	machine := types.Machine{
-		ID:             0,
-		MachineKey:     "foo",
-		NodeKey:        "bar",
-		DiscoKey:       "faa",
-		Hostname:       "testmachine",
-		UserID:         user.ID,
-		RegisterMethod: util.RegisterMethodAuthKey,
-		AuthKeyID:      uint(1),
-	}
-	db.db.Save(&machine)
-
-	err = db.DeleteMachine(&machine)
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-
-	_, err = db.GetMachine(user.Name, "testmachine")
-	c.Assert(err, check.NotNil)
-}
-
 func (s *Suite) TestHardDeleteMachine(c *check.C) {
 	user, err := db.CreateUser("test")
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
@@ -164,7 +142,7 @@ func (s *Suite) TestHardDeleteMachine(c *check.C) {
 	}
 	db.db.Save(&machine)
 
-	err = db.HardDeleteMachine(&machine)
+	err = db.DeleteMachine(&machine)
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 
 	_, err = db.GetMachine(user.Name, "testmachine3")
@@ -329,7 +307,8 @@ func (s *Suite) TestExpireMachine(c *check.C) {
 
 	c.Assert(machineFromDB.IsExpired(), check.Equals, false)
 
-	err = db.ExpireMachine(machineFromDB)
+	now := time.Now()
+	err = db.MachineSetExpiry(machineFromDB, now)
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 
 	c.Assert(machineFromDB.IsExpired(), check.Equals, true)
@@ -450,14 +429,12 @@ func TestHeadscale_generateGivenName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
-		db      *HSDatabase
 		args    args
 		want    *regexp.Regexp
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "simple machine name generation",
-			db:   &HSDatabase{},
 			args: args{
 				suppliedName: "testmachine",
 				randomSuffix: false,
@@ -467,7 +444,6 @@ func TestHeadscale_generateGivenName(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "machine name with 53 chars",
-			db:   &HSDatabase{},
 			args: args{
 				suppliedName: "testmaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaachine",
 				randomSuffix: false,
@@ -477,7 +453,6 @@ func TestHeadscale_generateGivenName(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "machine name with 63 chars",
-			db:   &HSDatabase{},
 			args: args{
 				suppliedName: "machineeee12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123",
 				randomSuffix: false,
@@ -487,7 +462,6 @@ func TestHeadscale_generateGivenName(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "machine name with 64 chars",
-			db:   &HSDatabase{},
 			args: args{
 				suppliedName: "machineeee123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234",
 				randomSuffix: false,
@@ -497,7 +471,6 @@ func TestHeadscale_generateGivenName(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "machine name with 73 chars",
-			db:   &HSDatabase{},
 			args: args{
 				suppliedName: "machineeee123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123",
 				randomSuffix: false,
@@ -507,7 +480,6 @@ func TestHeadscale_generateGivenName(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "machine name with random suffix",
-			db:   &HSDatabase{},
 			args: args{
 				suppliedName: "test",
 				randomSuffix: true,
@@ -517,7 +489,6 @@ func TestHeadscale_generateGivenName(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "machine name with 63 chars with random suffix",
-			db:   &HSDatabase{},
 			args: args{
 				suppliedName: "machineeee12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123",
 				randomSuffix: true,
@@ -528,7 +499,7 @@ func TestHeadscale_generateGivenName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, err := tt.db.generateGivenName(tt.args.suppliedName, tt.args.randomSuffix)
+			got, err := generateGivenName(tt.args.suppliedName, tt.args.randomSuffix)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf(
 					"Headscale.GenerateGivenName() error = %v, wantErr %v",
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/preauth_keys.go b/hscontrol/db/preauth_keys.go
index abb79c34..ec7ab232 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/preauth_keys.go
+++ b/hscontrol/db/preauth_keys.go
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) CreatePreAuthKey(
 	expiration *time.Time,
 	aclTags []string,
 ) (*types.PreAuthKey, error) {
+	// TODO(kradalby): figure out this lock
+	// hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	// defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	user, err := hsdb.GetUser(userName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -92,7 +96,14 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) CreatePreAuthKey(
 
 // ListPreAuthKeys returns the list of PreAuthKeys for a user.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListPreAuthKeys(userName string) ([]types.PreAuthKey, error) {
-	user, err := hsdb.GetUser(userName)
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.listPreAuthKeys(userName)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) listPreAuthKeys(userName string) ([]types.PreAuthKey, error) {
+	user, err := hsdb.getUser(userName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -107,6 +118,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListPreAuthKeys(userName string) ([]types.PreAuthKey, er
 
 // GetPreAuthKey returns a PreAuthKey for a given key.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetPreAuthKey(user string, key string) (*types.PreAuthKey, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	pak, err := hsdb.ValidatePreAuthKey(key)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -122,6 +136,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetPreAuthKey(user string, key string) (*types.PreAuthKe
 // DestroyPreAuthKey destroys a preauthkey. Returns error if the PreAuthKey
 // does not exist.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DestroyPreAuthKey(pak types.PreAuthKey) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return hsdb.destroyPreAuthKey(pak)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) destroyPreAuthKey(pak types.PreAuthKey) error {
 	return hsdb.db.Transaction(func(db *gorm.DB) error {
 		if result := db.Unscoped().Where(types.PreAuthKeyACLTag{PreAuthKeyID: pak.ID}).Delete(&types.PreAuthKeyACLTag{}); result.Error != nil {
 			return result.Error
@@ -137,6 +158,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DestroyPreAuthKey(pak types.PreAuthKey) error {
 
 // MarkExpirePreAuthKey marks a PreAuthKey as expired.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpirePreAuthKey(k *types.PreAuthKey) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	if err := hsdb.db.Model(&k).Update("Expiration", time.Now()).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -146,6 +170,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ExpirePreAuthKey(k *types.PreAuthKey) error {
 
 // UsePreAuthKey marks a PreAuthKey as used.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) UsePreAuthKey(k *types.PreAuthKey) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	k.Used = true
 	if err := hsdb.db.Save(k).Error; err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update key used status in the database: %w", err)
@@ -157,6 +184,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) UsePreAuthKey(k *types.PreAuthKey) error {
 // ValidatePreAuthKey does the heavy lifting for validation of the PreAuthKey coming from a node
 // If returns no error and a PreAuthKey, it can be used.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ValidatePreAuthKey(k string) (*types.PreAuthKey, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	pak := types.PreAuthKey{}
 	if result := hsdb.db.Preload("User").Preload("ACLTags").First(&pak, "key = ?", k); errors.Is(
 		result.Error,
@@ -174,7 +204,10 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ValidatePreAuthKey(k string) (*types.PreAuthKey, error)
 	}
 
 	machines := types.Machines{}
-	if err := hsdb.db.Preload("AuthKey").Where(&types.Machine{AuthKeyID: uint(pak.ID)}).Find(&machines).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := hsdb.db.
+		Preload("AuthKey").
+		Where(&types.Machine{AuthKeyID: uint(pak.ID)}).
+		Find(&machines).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/routes.go b/hscontrol/db/routes.go
index 90ec3b1d..26a08f37 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/routes.go
+++ b/hscontrol/db/routes.go
@@ -13,6 +13,13 @@ import (
 var ErrRouteIsNotAvailable = errors.New("route is not available")
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetRoutes() (types.Routes, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.getRoutes()
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) getRoutes() (types.Routes, error) {
 	var routes types.Routes
 	err := hsdb.db.Preload("Machine").Find(&routes).Error
 	if err != nil {
@@ -23,6 +30,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetRoutes() (types.Routes, error) {
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineAdvertisedRoutes(machine *types.Machine) (types.Routes, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.getMachineAdvertisedRoutes(machine)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) getMachineAdvertisedRoutes(machine *types.Machine) (types.Routes, error) {
 	var routes types.Routes
 	err := hsdb.db.
 		Preload("Machine").
@@ -36,6 +50,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineAdvertisedRoutes(machine *types.Machine) (type
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineRoutes(m *types.Machine) (types.Routes, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.getMachineRoutes(m)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) getMachineRoutes(m *types.Machine) (types.Routes, error) {
 	var routes types.Routes
 	err := hsdb.db.
 		Preload("Machine").
@@ -49,6 +70,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachineRoutes(m *types.Machine) (types.Routes, error)
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetRoute(id uint64) (*types.Route, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.getRoute(id)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) getRoute(id uint64) (*types.Route, error) {
 	var route types.Route
 	err := hsdb.db.Preload("Machine").First(&route, id).Error
 	if err != nil {
@@ -59,7 +87,14 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetRoute(id uint64) (*types.Route, error) {
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) EnableRoute(id uint64) error {
-	route, err := hsdb.GetRoute(id)
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return hsdb.enableRoute(id)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) enableRoute(id uint64) error {
+	route, err := hsdb.getRoute(id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -79,7 +114,10 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) EnableRoute(id uint64) error {
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DisableRoute(id uint64) error {
-	route, err := hsdb.GetRoute(id)
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	route, err := hsdb.getRoute(id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -95,10 +133,10 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DisableRoute(id uint64) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return hsdb.HandlePrimarySubnetFailover()
+		return hsdb.handlePrimarySubnetFailover()
 	}
 
-	routes, err := hsdb.GetMachineRoutes(&route.Machine)
+	routes, err := hsdb.getMachineRoutes(&route.Machine)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -114,11 +152,14 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DisableRoute(id uint64) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return hsdb.HandlePrimarySubnetFailover()
+	return hsdb.handlePrimarySubnetFailover()
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DeleteRoute(id uint64) error {
-	route, err := hsdb.GetRoute(id)
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	route, err := hsdb.getRoute(id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -131,10 +172,10 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DeleteRoute(id uint64) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return hsdb.HandlePrimarySubnetFailover()
+		return hsdb.handlePrimarySubnetFailover()
 	}
 
-	routes, err := hsdb.GetMachineRoutes(&route.Machine)
+	routes, err := hsdb.getMachineRoutes(&route.Machine)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -150,11 +191,11 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DeleteRoute(id uint64) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	return hsdb.HandlePrimarySubnetFailover()
+	return hsdb.handlePrimarySubnetFailover()
 }
 
-func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DeleteMachineRoutes(m *types.Machine) error {
-	routes, err := hsdb.GetMachineRoutes(m)
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) deleteMachineRoutes(m *types.Machine) error {
+	routes, err := hsdb.getMachineRoutes(m)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -165,7 +206,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DeleteMachineRoutes(m *types.Machine) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return hsdb.HandlePrimarySubnetFailover()
+	return hsdb.handlePrimarySubnetFailover()
 }
 
 // isUniquePrefix returns if there is another machine providing the same route already.
@@ -201,6 +242,9 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) getPrimaryRoute(prefix netip.Prefix) (*types.Route, erro
 // getMachinePrimaryRoutes returns the routes that are enabled and marked as primary (for subnet failover)
 // Exit nodes are not considered for this, as they are never marked as Primary.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachinePrimaryRoutes(m *types.Machine) (types.Routes, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
 	var routes types.Routes
 	err := hsdb.db.
 		Preload("Machine").
@@ -214,6 +258,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetMachinePrimaryRoutes(m *types.Machine) (types.Routes,
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ProcessMachineRoutes(machine *types.Machine) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return hsdb.processMachineRoutes(machine)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) processMachineRoutes(machine *types.Machine) error {
 	currentRoutes := types.Routes{}
 	err := hsdb.db.Where("machine_id = ?", machine.ID).Find(&currentRoutes).Error
 	if err != nil {
@@ -264,6 +315,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ProcessMachineRoutes(machine *types.Machine) error {
 }
 
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) HandlePrimarySubnetFailover() error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return hsdb.handlePrimarySubnetFailover()
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) handlePrimarySubnetFailover() error {
 	// first, get all the enabled routes
 	var routes types.Routes
 	err := hsdb.db.
@@ -388,11 +446,14 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) EnableAutoApprovedRoutes(
 	aclPolicy *policy.ACLPolicy,
 	machine *types.Machine,
 ) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	if len(machine.IPAddresses) == 0 {
 		return nil // This machine has no IPAddresses, so can't possibly match any autoApprovers ACLs
 	}
 
-	routes, err := hsdb.GetMachineAdvertisedRoutes(machine)
+	routes, err := hsdb.getMachineAdvertisedRoutes(machine)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		log.Error().
 			Caller().
@@ -445,7 +506,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) EnableAutoApprovedRoutes(
 	}
 
 	for _, approvedRoute := range approvedRoutes {
-		err := hsdb.EnableRoute(uint64(approvedRoute.ID))
+		err := hsdb.enableRoute(uint64(approvedRoute.ID))
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Err(err).
 				Str("approvedRoute", approvedRoute.String()).
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/users.go b/hscontrol/db/users.go
index ce186751..5af4660b 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/users.go
+++ b/hscontrol/db/users.go
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ var (
 // CreateUser creates a new User. Returns error if could not be created
 // or another user already exists.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) CreateUser(name string) (*types.User, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	err := util.CheckForFQDNRules(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -42,12 +45,15 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) CreateUser(name string) (*types.User, error) {
 // DestroyUser destroys a User. Returns error if the User does
 // not exist or if there are machines associated with it.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DestroyUser(name string) error {
-	user, err := hsdb.GetUser(name)
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	user, err := hsdb.getUser(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return ErrUserNotFound
 	}
 
-	machines, err := hsdb.ListMachinesByUser(name)
+	machines, err := hsdb.listMachinesByUser(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -55,12 +61,12 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DestroyUser(name string) error {
 		return ErrUserStillHasNodes
 	}
 
-	keys, err := hsdb.ListPreAuthKeys(name)
+	keys, err := hsdb.listPreAuthKeys(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	for _, key := range keys {
-		err = hsdb.DestroyPreAuthKey(key)
+		err = hsdb.destroyPreAuthKey(key)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -76,8 +82,11 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) DestroyUser(name string) error {
 // RenameUser renames a User. Returns error if the User does
 // not exist or if another User exists with the new name.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RenameUser(oldName, newName string) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	var err error
-	oldUser, err := hsdb.GetUser(oldName)
+	oldUser, err := hsdb.getUser(oldName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -85,7 +94,7 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RenameUser(oldName, newName string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = hsdb.GetUser(newName)
+	_, err = hsdb.getUser(newName)
 	if err == nil {
 		return ErrUserExists
 	}
@@ -104,6 +113,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) RenameUser(oldName, newName string) error {
 
 // GetUser fetches a user by name.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetUser(name string) (*types.User, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.getUser(name)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) getUser(name string) (*types.User, error) {
 	user := types.User{}
 	if result := hsdb.db.First(&user, "name = ?", name); errors.Is(
 		result.Error,
@@ -117,6 +133,13 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) GetUser(name string) (*types.User, error) {
 
 // ListUsers gets all the existing users.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListUsers() ([]types.User, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.listUsers()
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) listUsers() ([]types.User, error) {
 	users := []types.User{}
 	if err := hsdb.db.Find(&users).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -127,11 +150,18 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListUsers() ([]types.User, error) {
 
 // ListMachinesByUser gets all the nodes in a given user.
 func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListMachinesByUser(name string) (types.Machines, error) {
+	hsdb.mu.RLock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return hsdb.listMachinesByUser(name)
+}
+
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) listMachinesByUser(name string) (types.Machines, error) {
 	err := util.CheckForFQDNRules(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	user, err := hsdb.GetUser(name)
+	user, err := hsdb.getUser(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -144,13 +174,16 @@ func (hsdb *HSDatabase) ListMachinesByUser(name string) (types.Machines, error)
 	return machines, nil
 }
 
-// SetMachineUser assigns a Machine to a user.
-func (hsdb *HSDatabase) SetMachineUser(machine *types.Machine, username string) error {
+// AssignMachineToUser assigns a Machine to a user.
+func (hsdb *HSDatabase) AssignMachineToUser(machine *types.Machine, username string) error {
+	hsdb.mu.Lock()
+	defer hsdb.mu.Unlock()
+
 	err := util.CheckForFQDNRules(username)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	user, err := hsdb.GetUser(username)
+	user, err := hsdb.getUser(username)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/users_test.go b/hscontrol/db/users_test.go
index bc468b23..97b3e6d7 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/users_test.go
+++ b/hscontrol/db/users_test.go
@@ -114,15 +114,15 @@ func (s *Suite) TestSetMachineUser(c *check.C) {
 	db.db.Save(&machine)
 	c.Assert(machine.UserID, check.Equals, oldUser.ID)
 
-	err = db.SetMachineUser(&machine, newUser.Name)
+	err = db.AssignMachineToUser(&machine, newUser.Name)
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 	c.Assert(machine.UserID, check.Equals, newUser.ID)
 	c.Assert(machine.User.Name, check.Equals, newUser.Name)
 
-	err = db.SetMachineUser(&machine, "non-existing-user")
+	err = db.AssignMachineToUser(&machine, "non-existing-user")
 	c.Assert(err, check.Equals, ErrUserNotFound)
 
-	err = db.SetMachineUser(&machine, newUser.Name)
+	err = db.AssignMachineToUser(&machine, newUser.Name)
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 	c.Assert(machine.UserID, check.Equals, newUser.ID)
 	c.Assert(machine.User.Name, check.Equals, newUser.Name)
diff --git a/hscontrol/grpcv1.go b/hscontrol/grpcv1.go
index 74950c20..292c8d84 100644
--- a/hscontrol/grpcv1.go
+++ b/hscontrol/grpcv1.go
@@ -275,8 +275,11 @@ func (api headscaleV1APIServer) ExpireMachine(
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	api.h.db.ExpireMachine(
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	api.h.db.MachineSetExpiry(
 		machine,
+		now,
 	)
 
 	log.Trace().
@@ -358,7 +361,7 @@ func (api headscaleV1APIServer) MoveMachine(
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	err = api.h.db.SetMachineUser(machine, request.GetUser())
+	err = api.h.db.AssignMachineToUser(machine, request.GetUser())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/hscontrol/oidc.go b/hscontrol/oidc.go
index 66383838..010bcb15 100644
--- a/hscontrol/oidc.go
+++ b/hscontrol/oidc.go
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ func (h *Headscale) validateMachineForOIDCCallback(
 			Str("machine", machine.Hostname).
 			Msg("machine already registered, reauthenticating")
 
-		err := h.db.RefreshMachine(machine, expiry)
+		err := h.db.MachineSetExpiry(machine, expiry)
 		if err != nil {
 			util.LogErr(err, "Failed to refresh machine")
 			http.Error(
diff --git a/hscontrol/poll.go b/hscontrol/poll.go
index bf7a0f49..77161fce 100644
--- a/hscontrol/poll.go
+++ b/hscontrol/poll.go
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ func (h *Headscale) handlePoll(
 		machine.LastSeen = &now
 	}
 
+	// TODO(kradalby): Save specific stuff, not whole object.
 	if err := h.db.MachineSave(machine); err != nil {
 		logErr(err, "Failed to persist/update machine in the database")
 		http.Error(writer, "", http.StatusInternalServerError)