tailscale/cmd/containerboot/main.go

// Copyright (c) Tailscale Inc & AUTHORS
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

//go:build linux

// The containerboot binary is a wrapper for starting tailscaled in a container.
// It handles reading the desired mode of operation out of environment
// variables, bringing up and authenticating Tailscale, and any other
// kubernetes-specific side jobs.
//
// As with most container things, configuration is passed through environment
// variables. All configuration is optional.
//
//   - TS_AUTHKEY: the authkey to use for login.
//   - TS_HOSTNAME: the hostname to request for the node.
//   - TS_ROUTES: subnet routes to advertise. To accept routes, use TS_EXTRA_ARGS to pass in --accept-routes.
//   - TS_DEST_IP: proxy all incoming Tailscale traffic to the given
//     destination.
//   - TS_TAILNET_TARGET_IP: proxy all incoming non-Tailscale traffic to the given
//     destination defined by an IP.
//   - TS_TAILNET_TARGET_FQDN: proxy all incoming non-Tailscale traffic to the given
//     destination defined by a MagicDNS name.
//   - TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS: extra arguments to 'tailscaled'.
//   - TS_EXTRA_ARGS: extra arguments to 'tailscale up'.
//   - TS_USERSPACE: run with userspace networking (the default)
//     instead of kernel networking.
//   - TS_STATE_DIR: the directory in which to store tailscaled
//     state. The data should persist across container
//     restarts.
//   - TS_ACCEPT_DNS: whether to use the tailnet's DNS configuration.
//   - TS_KUBE_SECRET: the name of the Kubernetes secret in which to
//     store tailscaled state.
//   - TS_SOCKS5_SERVER: the address on which to listen for SOCKS5
//     proxying into the tailnet.
//   - TS_OUTBOUND_HTTP_PROXY_LISTEN: the address on which to listen
//     for HTTP proxying into the tailnet.
//   - TS_SOCKET: the path where the tailscaled LocalAPI socket should
//     be created.
//   - TS_AUTH_ONCE: if true, only attempt to log in if not already
//     logged in. If false (the default, for backwards
//     compatibility), forcibly log in every time the
//     container starts.
//   - TS_SERVE_CONFIG: if specified, is the file path where the ipn.ServeConfig is located.
//     It will be applied once tailscaled is up and running. If the file contains
//     ${TS_CERT_DOMAIN}, it will be replaced with the value of the available FQDN.
//     It cannot be used in conjunction with TS_DEST_IP. The file is watched for changes,
//     and will be re-applied when it changes.
//
// When running on Kubernetes, containerboot defaults to storing state in the
// "tailscale" kube secret. To store state on local disk instead, set
// TS_KUBE_SECRET="" and TS_STATE_DIR=/path/to/storage/dir. The state dir should
// be persistent storage.
//
// Additionally, if TS_AUTHKEY is not set and the TS_KUBE_SECRET contains an
// "authkey" field, that key is used as the tailscale authkey.
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io/fs"
	"log"
	"net/netip"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"os/signal"
	"path/filepath"
	"reflect"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"syscall"
	"time"

	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
	"tailscale.com/client/tailscale"
	"tailscale.com/ipn"
	"tailscale.com/tailcfg"
	"tailscale.com/types/logger"
	"tailscale.com/types/ptr"
	"tailscale.com/util/deephash"
	"tailscale.com/util/linuxfw"
)

func newNetfilterRunner(logf logger.Logf) (linuxfw.NetfilterRunner, error) {
	if defaultBool("TS_TEST_FAKE_NETFILTER", false) {
		return linuxfw.NewFakeIPTablesRunner(), nil
	}
	return linuxfw.New(logf, "")
}

func main() {
	log.SetPrefix("boot: ")
	tailscale.I_Acknowledge_This_API_Is_Unstable = true

	cfg := &settings{
		AuthKey:           defaultEnvs([]string{"TS_AUTHKEY", "TS_AUTH_KEY"}, ""),
		Hostname:          defaultEnv("TS_HOSTNAME", ""),
		Routes:            defaultEnv("TS_ROUTES", ""),
		ServeConfigPath:   defaultEnv("TS_SERVE_CONFIG", ""),
		ProxyTo:           defaultEnv("TS_DEST_IP", ""),
		TailnetTargetIP:   defaultEnv("TS_TAILNET_TARGET_IP", ""),
		TailnetTargetFQDN: defaultEnv("TS_TAILNET_TARGET_FQDN", ""),
		DaemonExtraArgs:   defaultEnv("TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS", ""),
		ExtraArgs:         defaultEnv("TS_EXTRA_ARGS", ""),
		InKubernetes:      os.Getenv("KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST") != "",
		UserspaceMode:     defaultBool("TS_USERSPACE", true),
		StateDir:          defaultEnv("TS_STATE_DIR", ""),
		AcceptDNS:         defaultBool("TS_ACCEPT_DNS", false),
		KubeSecret:        defaultEnv("TS_KUBE_SECRET", "tailscale"),
		SOCKSProxyAddr:    defaultEnv("TS_SOCKS5_SERVER", ""),
		HTTPProxyAddr:     defaultEnv("TS_OUTBOUND_HTTP_PROXY_LISTEN", ""),
		Socket:            defaultEnv("TS_SOCKET", "/tmp/tailscaled.sock"),
		AuthOnce:          defaultBool("TS_AUTH_ONCE", false),
		Root:              defaultEnv("TS_TEST_ONLY_ROOT", "/"),
	}

	if cfg.ProxyTo != "" && cfg.UserspaceMode {
		log.Fatal("TS_DEST_IP is not supported with TS_USERSPACE")
	}

	if cfg.TailnetTargetIP != "" && cfg.UserspaceMode {
		log.Fatal("TS_TAILNET_TARGET_IP is not supported with TS_USERSPACE")
	}
	if cfg.TailnetTargetFQDN != "" && cfg.UserspaceMode {
		log.Fatal("TS_TAILNET_TARGET_FQDN is not supported with TS_USERSPACE")
	}
	if cfg.TailnetTargetFQDN != "" && cfg.TailnetTargetIP != "" {
		log.Fatal("Both TS_TAILNET_TARGET_IP and TS_TAILNET_FQDN cannot be set")
	}

	if !cfg.UserspaceMode {
		if err := ensureTunFile(cfg.Root); err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("Unable to create tuntap device file: %v", err)
		}
		if cfg.ProxyTo != "" || cfg.Routes != "" || cfg.TailnetTargetIP != "" || cfg.TailnetTargetFQDN != "" {
			if err := ensureIPForwarding(cfg.Root, cfg.ProxyTo, cfg.TailnetTargetIP, cfg.TailnetTargetFQDN, cfg.Routes); err != nil {
				log.Printf("Failed to enable IP forwarding: %v", err)
				log.Printf("To run tailscale as a proxy or router container, IP forwarding must be enabled.")
				if cfg.InKubernetes {
					log.Fatalf("You can either set the sysctls as a privileged initContainer, or run the tailscale container with privileged=true.")
				} else {
					log.Fatalf("You can fix this by running the container with privileged=true, or the equivalent in your container runtime that permits access to sysctls.")
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if cfg.InKubernetes {
		initKube(cfg.Root)
	}

	// Context is used for all setup stuff until we're in steady
	// state, so that if something is hanging we eventually time out
	// and crashloop the container.
	bootCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 60*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	if cfg.InKubernetes && cfg.KubeSecret != "" {
		canPatch, err := kc.CheckSecretPermissions(bootCtx, cfg.KubeSecret)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("Some Kubernetes permissions are missing, please check your RBAC configuration: %v", err)
		}
		cfg.KubernetesCanPatch = canPatch

		if cfg.AuthKey == "" {
			key, err := findKeyInKubeSecret(bootCtx, cfg.KubeSecret)
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatalf("Getting authkey from kube secret: %v", err)
			}
			if key != "" {
				// This behavior of pulling authkeys from kube secrets was added
				// at the same time as the patch permission, so we can enforce
				// that we must be able to patch out the authkey after
				// authenticating if you want to use this feature. This avoids
				// us having to deal with the case where we might leave behind
				// an unnecessary reusable authkey in a secret, like a rake in
				// the grass.
				if !cfg.KubernetesCanPatch {
					log.Fatalf("authkey found in TS_KUBE_SECRET, but the pod doesn't have patch permissions on the secret to manage the authkey.")
				}
				log.Print("Using authkey found in kube secret")
				cfg.AuthKey = key
			} else {
				log.Print("No authkey found in kube secret and TS_AUTHKEY not provided, login will be interactive if needed.")
			}
		}
	}

	client, daemonProcess, err := startTailscaled(bootCtx, cfg)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("failed to bring up tailscale: %v", err)
	}
	killTailscaled := func() {
		if err := daemonProcess.Signal(unix.SIGTERM); err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("error shutting tailscaled down: %v", err)
		}
	}
	defer killTailscaled()

	w, err := client.WatchIPNBus(bootCtx, ipn.NotifyInitialNetMap|ipn.NotifyInitialPrefs|ipn.NotifyInitialState)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("failed to watch tailscaled for updates: %v", err)
	}

	// Because we're still shelling out to `tailscale up` to get access to its
	// flag parser, we have to stop watching the IPN bus so that we can block on
	// the subcommand without stalling anything. Then once it's done, we resume
	// watching the bus.
	//
	// Depending on the requested mode of operation, this auth step happens at
	// different points in containerboot's lifecycle, hence the helper function.
	didLogin := false
	authTailscale := func() error {
		if didLogin {
			return nil
		}
		didLogin = true
		w.Close()
		if err := tailscaleUp(bootCtx, cfg); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to auth tailscale: %v", err)
		}
		w, err = client.WatchIPNBus(bootCtx, ipn.NotifyInitialNetMap|ipn.NotifyInitialState)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("rewatching tailscaled for updates after auth: %v", err)
		}
		return nil
	}

	if !cfg.AuthOnce {
		if err := authTailscale(); err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("failed to auth tailscale: %v", err)
		}
	}

authLoop:
	for {
		n, err := w.Next()
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("failed to read from tailscaled: %v", err)
		}

		if n.State != nil {
			switch *n.State {
			case ipn.NeedsLogin:
				if err := authTailscale(); err != nil {
					log.Fatalf("failed to auth tailscale: %v", err)
				}
			case ipn.NeedsMachineAuth:
				log.Printf("machine authorization required, please visit the admin panel")
			case ipn.Running:
				// Technically, all we want is to keep monitoring the bus for
				// netmap updates. However, in order to make the container crash
				// if tailscale doesn't initially come up, the watch has a
				// startup deadline on it. So, we have to break out of this
				// watch loop, cancel the watch, and watch again with no
				// deadline to continue monitoring for changes.
				break authLoop
			default:
				log.Printf("tailscaled in state %q, waiting", *n.State)
			}
		}
	}

	w.Close()

	ctx, cancel := contextWithExitSignalWatch()
	defer cancel()

	if cfg.AuthOnce {
		// Now that we are authenticated, we can set/reset any of the
		// settings that we need to.
		if err := tailscaleSet(ctx, cfg); err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("failed to auth tailscale: %v", err)
		}
	}

	if cfg.ServeConfigPath != "" {
		// Remove any serve config that may have been set by a previous run of
		// containerboot, but only if we're providing a new one.
		if err := client.SetServeConfig(ctx, new(ipn.ServeConfig)); err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("failed to unset serve config: %v", err)
		}
	}

	if cfg.InKubernetes && cfg.KubeSecret != "" && cfg.KubernetesCanPatch && cfg.AuthOnce {
		// We were told to only auth once, so any secret-bound
		// authkey is no longer needed. We don't strictly need to
		// wipe it, but it's good hygiene.
		log.Printf("Deleting authkey from kube secret")
		if err := deleteAuthKey(ctx, cfg.KubeSecret); err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("deleting authkey from kube secret: %v", err)
		}
	}

	w, err = client.WatchIPNBus(ctx, ipn.NotifyInitialNetMap|ipn.NotifyInitialState)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("rewatching tailscaled for updates after auth: %v", err)
	}

	var (
		wantProxy         = cfg.ProxyTo != "" || cfg.TailnetTargetIP != "" || cfg.TailnetTargetFQDN != ""
		wantDeviceInfo    = cfg.InKubernetes && cfg.KubeSecret != "" && cfg.KubernetesCanPatch
		startupTasksDone  = false
		currentIPs        deephash.Sum // tailscale IPs assigned to device
		currentDeviceInfo deephash.Sum // device ID and fqdn

		currentEgressIPs deephash.Sum

		certDomain        = new(atomic.Pointer[string])
		certDomainChanged = make(chan bool, 1)
	)
	if cfg.ServeConfigPath != "" {
		go watchServeConfigChanges(ctx, cfg.ServeConfigPath, certDomainChanged, certDomain, client)
	}
	var nfr linuxfw.NetfilterRunner
	if wantProxy {
		nfr, err = newNetfilterRunner(log.Printf)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("error creating new netfilter runner: %v", err)
		}
	}
	notifyChan := make(chan ipn.Notify)
	errChan := make(chan error)
	go func() {
		for {
			n, err := w.Next()
			if err != nil {
				errChan <- err
				break
			} else {
				notifyChan <- n
			}
		}
	}()
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
runLoop:
	for {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			// Although killTailscaled() is deferred earlier, if we
			// have started the reaper defined below, we need to
			// kill tailscaled and let reaper clean up child
			// processes.
			killTailscaled()
			break runLoop
		case err := <-errChan:
			log.Fatalf("failed to read from tailscaled: %v", err)
		case n := <-notifyChan:
			if n.State != nil && *n.State != ipn.Running {
				// Something's gone wrong and we've left the authenticated state.
				// Our container image never recovered gracefully from this, and the
				// control flow required to make it work now is hard. So, just crash
				// the container and rely on the container runtime to restart us,
				// whereupon we'll go through initial auth again.
				log.Fatalf("tailscaled left running state (now in state %q), exiting", *n.State)
			}
			if n.NetMap != nil {
				addrs := n.NetMap.SelfNode.Addresses().AsSlice()
				newCurrentIPs := deephash.Hash(&addrs)
				ipsHaveChanged := newCurrentIPs != currentIPs

				if cfg.TailnetTargetFQDN != "" {
					var (
						egressAddrs          []netip.Prefix
						newCurentEgressIPs   deephash.Sum
						egressIPsHaveChanged bool
						node                 tailcfg.NodeView
						nodeFound            bool
					)
					for _, n := range n.NetMap.Peers {
						if strings.EqualFold(n.Name(), cfg.TailnetTargetFQDN) {
							node = n
							nodeFound = true
							break
						}
					}
					if !nodeFound {
						log.Printf("Tailscale node %q not found; it either does not exist, or not reachable because of ACLs", cfg.TailnetTargetFQDN)
						break
					}
					egressAddrs = node.Addresses().AsSlice()
					newCurentEgressIPs = deephash.Hash(&egressAddrs)
					egressIPsHaveChanged = newCurentEgressIPs != currentEgressIPs
					if egressIPsHaveChanged && len(egressAddrs) > 0 {
						for _, egressAddr := range egressAddrs {
							ea := egressAddr.Addr()
							// TODO (irbekrm): make it work for IPv6 too.
							if ea.Is6() {
								log.Println("Not installing egress forwarding rules for IPv6 as this is currently not supported")
								continue
							}
							log.Printf("Installing forwarding rules for destination %v", ea.String())
							if err := installEgressForwardingRule(ctx, ea.String(), addrs, nfr); err != nil {
								log.Fatalf("installing egress proxy rules for destination %s: %v", ea.String(), err)
							}
						}
					}
					currentEgressIPs = newCurentEgressIPs
				}
				if cfg.ProxyTo != "" && len(addrs) > 0 && ipsHaveChanged {
					log.Printf("Installing proxy rules")
					if err := installIngressForwardingRule(ctx, cfg.ProxyTo, addrs, nfr); err != nil {
						log.Fatalf("installing ingress proxy rules: %v", err)
					}
				}
				if cfg.ServeConfigPath != "" && len(n.NetMap.DNS.CertDomains) > 0 {
					cd := n.NetMap.DNS.CertDomains[0]
					prev := certDomain.Swap(ptr.To(cd))
					if prev == nil || *prev != cd {
						select {
						case certDomainChanged <- true:
						default:
						}
					}
				}
				if cfg.TailnetTargetIP != "" && ipsHaveChanged && len(addrs) > 0 {
					log.Printf("Installing forwarding rules for destination %v", cfg.TailnetTargetIP)
					if err := installEgressForwardingRule(ctx, cfg.TailnetTargetIP, addrs, nfr); err != nil {
						log.Fatalf("installing egress proxy rules: %v", err)
					}
				}
				currentIPs = newCurrentIPs

				deviceInfo := []any{n.NetMap.SelfNode.StableID(), n.NetMap.SelfNode.Name()}
				if cfg.InKubernetes && cfg.KubernetesCanPatch && cfg.KubeSecret != "" && deephash.Update(&currentDeviceInfo, &deviceInfo) {
					if err := storeDeviceInfo(ctx, cfg.KubeSecret, n.NetMap.SelfNode.StableID(), n.NetMap.SelfNode.Name(), n.NetMap.SelfNode.Addresses().AsSlice()); err != nil {
						log.Fatalf("storing device ID in kube secret: %v", err)
					}
				}
			}
			if !startupTasksDone {
				if (!wantProxy || currentIPs != deephash.Sum{}) && (!wantDeviceInfo || currentDeviceInfo != deephash.Sum{}) {
					// This log message is used in tests to detect when all
					// post-auth configuration is done.
					log.Println("Startup complete, waiting for shutdown signal")
					startupTasksDone = true

					// Reap all processes, since we are PID1 and need to collect zombies. We can
					// only start doing this once we've stopped shelling out to things
					// `tailscale up`, otherwise this goroutine can reap the CLI subprocesses
					// and wedge bringup.
					reaper := func() {
						defer wg.Done()
						for {
							var status unix.WaitStatus
							pid, err := unix.Wait4(-1, &status, 0, nil)
							if errors.Is(err, unix.EINTR) {
								continue
							}
							if err != nil {
								log.Fatalf("Waiting for exited processes: %v", err)
							}
							if pid == daemonProcess.Pid {
								log.Printf("Tailscaled exited")
								os.Exit(0)
							}
						}

					}
					wg.Add(1)
					go reaper()
				}
			}
		}
	}
	wg.Wait()
}

// watchServeConfigChanges watches path for changes, and when it sees one, reads
// the serve config from it, replacing ${TS_CERT_DOMAIN} with certDomain, and
// applies it to lc. It exits when ctx is canceled. cdChanged is a channel that
// is written to when the certDomain changes, causing the serve config to be
// re-read and applied.
func watchServeConfigChanges(ctx context.Context, path string, cdChanged <-chan bool, certDomainAtomic *atomic.Pointer[string], lc *tailscale.LocalClient) {
	if certDomainAtomic == nil {
		panic("cd must not be nil")
	}
	var tickChan <-chan time.Time
	var eventChan <-chan fsnotify.Event
	if w, err := fsnotify.NewWatcher(); err != nil {
		log.Printf("failed to create fsnotify watcher, timer-only mode: %v", err)
		ticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Second)
		defer ticker.Stop()
		tickChan = ticker.C
	} else {
		defer w.Close()
		if err := w.Add(filepath.Dir(path)); err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("failed to add fsnotify watch: %v", err)
		}
		eventChan = w.Events
	}

	var certDomain string
	var prevServeConfig *ipn.ServeConfig
	for {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return
		case <-cdChanged:
			certDomain = *certDomainAtomic.Load()
		case <-tickChan:
		case <-eventChan:
			// We can't do any reasonable filtering on the event because of how
			// k8s handles these mounts. So just re-read the file and apply it
			// if it's changed.
		}
		if certDomain == "" {
			continue
		}
		sc, err := readServeConfig(path, certDomain)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("failed to read serve config: %v", err)
		}
		if prevServeConfig != nil && reflect.DeepEqual(sc, prevServeConfig) {
			continue
		}
		log.Printf("Applying serve config")
		if err := lc.SetServeConfig(ctx, sc); err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("failed to set serve config: %v", err)
		}
		prevServeConfig = sc
	}
}

// readServeConfig reads the ipn.ServeConfig from path, replacing
// ${TS_CERT_DOMAIN} with certDomain.
func readServeConfig(path, certDomain string) (*ipn.ServeConfig, error) {
	if path == "" {
		return nil, nil
	}
	j, err := os.ReadFile(path)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	j = bytes.ReplaceAll(j, []byte("${TS_CERT_DOMAIN}"), []byte(certDomain))
	var sc ipn.ServeConfig
	if err := json.Unmarshal(j, &sc); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &sc, nil
}

func startTailscaled(ctx context.Context, cfg *settings) (*tailscale.LocalClient, *os.Process, error) {
	args := tailscaledArgs(cfg)
	// tailscaled runs without context, since it needs to persist
	// beyond the startup timeout in ctx.
	cmd := exec.Command("tailscaled", args...)
	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
	cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{
		Setpgid: true,
	}
	log.Printf("Starting tailscaled")
	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("starting tailscaled failed: %v", err)
	}

	// Wait for the socket file to appear, otherwise API ops will racily fail.
	log.Printf("Waiting for tailscaled socket")
	for {
		if ctx.Err() != nil {
			log.Fatalf("Timed out waiting for tailscaled socket")
		}
		_, err := os.Stat(cfg.Socket)
		if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
			time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
			continue
		} else if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("Waiting for tailscaled socket: %v", err)
		}
		break
	}

	tsClient := &tailscale.LocalClient{
		Socket:        cfg.Socket,
		UseSocketOnly: true,
	}

	return tsClient, cmd.Process, nil
}

// tailscaledArgs uses cfg to construct the argv for tailscaled.
func tailscaledArgs(cfg *settings) []string {
	args := []string{"--socket=" + cfg.Socket}
	switch {
	case cfg.InKubernetes && cfg.KubeSecret != "":
		args = append(args, "--state=kube:"+cfg.KubeSecret)
		if cfg.StateDir == "" {
			cfg.StateDir = "/tmp"
		}
		fallthrough
	case cfg.StateDir != "":
		args = append(args, "--statedir="+cfg.StateDir)
	default:
		args = append(args, "--state=mem:", "--statedir=/tmp")
	}

	if cfg.UserspaceMode {
		args = append(args, "--tun=userspace-networking")
	} else if err := ensureTunFile(cfg.Root); err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("ensuring that /dev/net/tun exists: %v", err)
	}

	if cfg.SOCKSProxyAddr != "" {
		args = append(args, "--socks5-server="+cfg.SOCKSProxyAddr)
	}
	if cfg.HTTPProxyAddr != "" {
		args = append(args, "--outbound-http-proxy-listen="+cfg.HTTPProxyAddr)
	}
	if cfg.DaemonExtraArgs != "" {
		args = append(args, strings.Fields(cfg.DaemonExtraArgs)...)
	}
	return args
}

// tailscaleUp uses cfg to run 'tailscale up' everytime containerboot starts, or
// if TS_AUTH_ONCE is set, only the first time containerboot starts.
func tailscaleUp(ctx context.Context, cfg *settings) error {
	args := []string{"--socket=" + cfg.Socket, "up"}
	if cfg.AcceptDNS {
		args = append(args, "--accept-dns=true")
	} else {
		args = append(args, "--accept-dns=false")
	}
	if cfg.AuthKey != "" {
		args = append(args, "--authkey="+cfg.AuthKey)
	}
	if cfg.Routes != "" {
		args = append(args, "--advertise-routes="+cfg.Routes)
	}
	if cfg.Hostname != "" {
		args = append(args, "--hostname="+cfg.Hostname)
	}
	if cfg.ExtraArgs != "" {
		args = append(args, strings.Fields(cfg.ExtraArgs)...)
	}
	log.Printf("Running 'tailscale up'")
	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "tailscale", args...)
	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("tailscale up failed: %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// tailscaleSet uses cfg to run 'tailscale set' to set any known configuration
// options that are passed in via environment variables. This is run after the
// node is in Running state and only if TS_AUTH_ONCE is set.
func tailscaleSet(ctx context.Context, cfg *settings) error {
	args := []string{"--socket=" + cfg.Socket, "set"}
	if cfg.AcceptDNS {
		args = append(args, "--accept-dns=true")
	} else {
		args = append(args, "--accept-dns=false")
	}
	if cfg.Routes != "" {
		args = append(args, "--advertise-routes="+cfg.Routes)
	}
	if cfg.Hostname != "" {
		args = append(args, "--hostname="+cfg.Hostname)
	}
	log.Printf("Running 'tailscale set'")
	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "tailscale", args...)
	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("tailscale set failed: %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// ensureTunFile checks that /dev/net/tun exists, creating it if
// missing.
func ensureTunFile(root string) error {
	// Verify that /dev/net/tun exists, in some container envs it
	// needs to be mknod-ed.
	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(root, "dev/net")); errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
		if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(root, "dev/net"), 0755); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(root, "dev/net/tun")); errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
		dev := unix.Mkdev(10, 200) // tuntap major and minor
		if err := unix.Mknod(filepath.Join(root, "dev/net/tun"), 0600|unix.S_IFCHR, int(dev)); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// ensureIPForwarding enables IPv4/IPv6 forwarding for the container.
func ensureIPForwarding(root, clusterProxyTarget, tailnetTargetiP, tailnetTargetFQDN, routes string) error {
	var (
		v4Forwarding, v6Forwarding bool
	)
	if clusterProxyTarget != "" {
		proxyIP, err := netip.ParseAddr(clusterProxyTarget)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("invalid cluster destination IP: %v", err)
		}
		if proxyIP.Is4() {
			v4Forwarding = true
		} else {
			v6Forwarding = true
		}
	}
	if tailnetTargetiP != "" {
		proxyIP, err := netip.ParseAddr(tailnetTargetiP)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("invalid tailnet destination IP: %v", err)
		}
		if proxyIP.Is4() {
			v4Forwarding = true
		} else {
			v6Forwarding = true
		}
	}
	// Currently we only proxy traffic to the IPv4 address of the tailnet
	// target.
	if tailnetTargetFQDN != "" {
		v4Forwarding = true
	}
	if routes != "" {
		for _, route := range strings.Split(routes, ",") {
			cidr, err := netip.ParsePrefix(route)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("invalid subnet route: %v", err)
			}
			if cidr.Addr().Is4() {
				v4Forwarding = true
			} else {
				v6Forwarding = true
			}
		}
	}

	var paths []string
	if v4Forwarding {
		paths = append(paths, filepath.Join(root, "proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward"))
	}
	if v6Forwarding {
		paths = append(paths, filepath.Join(root, "proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding"))
	}

	// In some common configurations (e.g. default docker,
	// kubernetes), the container environment denies write access to
	// most sysctls, including IP forwarding controls. Check the
	// sysctl values before trying to change them, so that we
	// gracefully do nothing if the container's already been set up
	// properly by e.g. a k8s initContainer.
	for _, path := range paths {
		bs, err := os.ReadFile(path)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("reading %q: %w", path, err)
		}
		if v := strings.TrimSpace(string(bs)); v != "1" {
			if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("1"), 0644); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("enabling %q: %w", path, err)
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func installEgressForwardingRule(ctx context.Context, dstStr string, tsIPs []netip.Prefix, nfr linuxfw.NetfilterRunner) error {
	dst, err := netip.ParseAddr(dstStr)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var local netip.Addr
	for _, pfx := range tsIPs {
		if !pfx.IsSingleIP() {
			continue
		}
		if pfx.Addr().Is4() != dst.Is4() {
			continue
		}
		local = pfx.Addr()
		break
	}
	if !local.IsValid() {
		return fmt.Errorf("no tailscale IP matching family of %s found in %v", dstStr, tsIPs)
	}
	if err := nfr.DNATNonTailscaleTraffic("tailscale0", dst); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("installing egress proxy rules: %w", err)
	}
	if err := nfr.AddSNATRuleForDst(local, dst); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("installing egress proxy rules: %w", err)
	}
	if err := nfr.ClampMSSToPMTU("tailscale0", dst); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("installing egress proxy rules: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

func installIngressForwardingRule(ctx context.Context, dstStr string, tsIPs []netip.Prefix, nfr linuxfw.NetfilterRunner) error {
	dst, err := netip.ParseAddr(dstStr)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var local netip.Addr
	for _, pfx := range tsIPs {
		if !pfx.IsSingleIP() {
			continue
		}
		if pfx.Addr().Is4() != dst.Is4() {
			continue
		}
		local = pfx.Addr()
		break
	}
	if !local.IsValid() {
		return fmt.Errorf("no tailscale IP matching family of %s found in %v", dstStr, tsIPs)
	}
	if err := nfr.AddDNATRule(local, dst); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("installing ingress proxy rules: %w", err)
	}
	if err := nfr.ClampMSSToPMTU("tailscale0", dst); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("installing ingress proxy rules: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// settings is all the configuration for containerboot.
type settings struct {
	AuthKey  string
	Hostname string
	Routes   string
	// ProxyTo is the destination IP to which all incoming
	// Tailscale traffic should be proxied. If empty, no proxying
	// is done. This is typically a locally reachable IP.
	ProxyTo string
	// TailnetTargetIP is the destination IP to which all incoming
	// non-Tailscale traffic should be proxied. This is typically a
	// Tailscale IP.
	TailnetTargetIP string
	// TailnetTargetFQDN is an MagicDNS name to which all incoming
	// non-Tailscale traffic should be proxied. This must be a full Tailnet
	// node FQDN.
	TailnetTargetFQDN  string
	ServeConfigPath    string
	DaemonExtraArgs    string
	ExtraArgs          string
	InKubernetes       bool
	UserspaceMode      bool
	StateDir           string
	AcceptDNS          bool
	KubeSecret         string
	SOCKSProxyAddr     string
	HTTPProxyAddr      string
	Socket             string
	AuthOnce           bool
	Root               string
	KubernetesCanPatch bool
}

// defaultEnv returns the value of the given envvar name, or defVal if
// unset.
func defaultEnv(name, defVal string) string {
	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv(name); ok {
		return v
	}
	return defVal
}

func defaultEnvs(names []string, defVal string) string {
	for _, name := range names {
		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv(name); ok {
			return v
		}
	}
	return defVal
}

// defaultBool returns the boolean value of the given envvar name, or
// defVal if unset or not a bool.
func defaultBool(name string, defVal bool) bool {
	v := os.Getenv(name)
	ret, err := strconv.ParseBool(v)
	if err != nil {
		return defVal
	}
	return ret
}

// contextWithExitSignalWatch watches for SIGTERM/SIGINT signals. It returns a
// context that gets cancelled when a signal is received and a cancel function
// that can be called to free the resources when the watch should be stopped.
func contextWithExitSignalWatch() (context.Context, func()) {
	closeChan := make(chan string)
	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
	signalChan := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
	signal.Notify(signalChan, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
	go func() {
		select {
		case <-signalChan:
			cancel()
		case <-closeChan:
			return
		}
	}()
	f := func() {
		closeChan <- "goodbye"
	}
	return ctx, f
}