diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index d07c44634..97314f32a 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/toqueteos/webbrowser v1.2.0
 	github.com/u-root/u-root v0.11.0
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1-beta.2
+	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.24.0
 	go4.org/mem v0.0.0-20220726221520-4f986261bf13
 	go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20230303233057-f1b76eb4bb35
@@ -322,7 +323,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/ultraware/whitespace v0.0.5 // indirect
 	github.com/uudashr/gocognit v1.0.6 // indirect
 	github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.11.2 // indirect
-	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
 	github.com/xanzy/ssh-agent v0.3.3 // indirect
 	github.com/yagipy/maintidx v1.0.0 // indirect
diff --git a/util/linuxfw/iptables_runner.go b/util/linuxfw/iptables_runner.go
index 754a22b22..14f2fa536 100644
--- a/util/linuxfw/iptables_runner.go
+++ b/util/linuxfw/iptables_runner.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
+	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/coreos/go-iptables/iptables"
@@ -36,6 +37,14 @@ type iptablesRunner struct {
 	v6NATAvailable bool
 }
 
+func checkIP6TablesExists() error {
+	// Some distros ship ip6tables separately from iptables.
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("ip6tables"); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("path not found: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // NewIPTablesRunner constructs a NetfilterRunner that programs iptables rules.
 // If the underlying iptables library fails to initialize, that error is
 // returned. The runner probes for IPv6 support once at initialization time and
@@ -48,9 +57,13 @@ func NewIPTablesRunner(logf logger.Logf) (*iptablesRunner, error) {
 
 	supportsV6, supportsV6NAT := false, false
 	v6err := checkIPv6(logf)
-	if v6err != nil {
+	ip6terr := checkIP6TablesExists()
+	switch {
+	case v6err != nil:
 		logf("disabling tunneled IPv6 due to system IPv6 config: %v", v6err)
-	} else {
+	case ip6terr != nil:
+		logf("disabling tunneled IPv6 due to missing ip6tables: %v", ip6terr)
+	default:
 		supportsV6 = true
 		supportsV6NAT = supportsV6 && checkSupportsV6NAT()
 		logf("v6nat = %v", supportsV6NAT)
diff --git a/util/linuxfw/linuxfw.go b/util/linuxfw/linuxfw.go
index dc50aa6cc..6ec152a4f 100644
--- a/util/linuxfw/linuxfw.go
+++ b/util/linuxfw/linuxfw.go
@@ -20,6 +20,15 @@
 	"tailscale.com/types/logger"
 )
 
+// MatchDecision is the decision made by the firewall for a packet matched by a rule.
+// It is used to decide whether to accept or masquerade a packet in addMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule.
+type MatchDecision int
+
+const (
+	Accept MatchDecision = iota
+	Masq
+)
+
 // The following bits are added to packet marks for Tailscale use.
 //
 // We tried to pick bits sufficiently out of the way that it's
@@ -44,16 +53,12 @@
 	// We claim bits 16:23 entirely. For now we only use the lower four
 	// bits, leaving the higher 4 bits for future use.
 	TailscaleFwmarkMask    = "0xff0000"
-	TailscaleFwmarkMaskNeg = "0xff00ffff"
 	TailscaleFwmarkMaskNum = 0xff0000
 
 	// Packet is from Tailscale and to a subnet route destination, so
 	// is allowed to be routed through this machine.
 	TailscaleSubnetRouteMark    = "0x40000"
 	TailscaleSubnetRouteMarkNum = 0x40000
-	// This one is same value but padded to even number of digit, so
-	// hex decoding can work correctly.
-	TailscaleSubnetRouteMarkHexStr = "0x040000"
 
 	// Packet was originated by tailscaled itself, and must not be
 	// routed over the Tailscale network.
@@ -61,6 +66,21 @@
 	TailscaleBypassMarkNum = 0x80000
 )
 
+// getTailscaleFwmarkMaskNeg returns the negation of TailscaleFwmarkMask in bytes.
+func getTailscaleFwmarkMaskNeg() []byte {
+	return []byte{0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff}
+}
+
+// getTailscaleFwmarkMask returns the TailscaleFwmarkMask in bytes.
+func getTailscaleFwmarkMask() []byte {
+	return []byte{0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00}
+}
+
+// getTailscaleSubnetRouteMark returns the TailscaleSubnetRouteMark in bytes.
+func getTailscaleSubnetRouteMark() []byte {
+	return []byte{0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00}
+}
+
 // errCode extracts and returns the process exit code from err, or
 // zero if err is nil.
 func errCode(err error) int {
@@ -122,11 +142,6 @@ func checkIPv6(logf logger.Logf) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("kernel doesn't support IPv6 policy routing: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Some distros ship ip6tables separately from iptables.
-	if _, err := exec.LookPath("ip6tables"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/util/linuxfw/nftables_runner.go b/util/linuxfw/nftables_runner.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d46ea104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/linuxfw/nftables_runner.go
@@ -0,0 +1,977 @@
+// Copyright (c) Tailscale Inc & AUTHORS
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux
+
+package linuxfw
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/google/nftables"
+	"github.com/google/nftables/expr"
+	"tailscale.com/net/tsaddr"
+	"tailscale.com/types/logger"
+)
+
+const (
+	chainNameForward     = "ts-forward"
+	chainNameInput       = "ts-input"
+	chainNamePostrouting = "ts-postrouting"
+)
+
+type chainInfo struct {
+	table         *nftables.Table
+	name          string
+	chainType     nftables.ChainType
+	chainHook     *nftables.ChainHook
+	chainPriority *nftables.ChainPriority
+}
+
+type nftable struct {
+	Proto  nftables.TableFamily
+	Filter *nftables.Table
+	Nat    *nftables.Table
+}
+
+type nftablesRunner struct {
+	conn *nftables.Conn
+	nft4 *nftable
+	nft6 *nftable
+
+	v6Available    bool
+	v6NATAvailable bool
+}
+
+// createTableIfNotExist creates a nftables table via connection c if it does not exist within the given family.
+func createTableIfNotExist(c *nftables.Conn, family nftables.TableFamily, name string) (*nftables.Table, error) {
+	tables, err := c.ListTables()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get tables: %w", err)
+	}
+	for _, table := range tables {
+		if table.Name == name && table.Family == family {
+			return table, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	t := c.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: family,
+		Name:   name,
+	})
+	if err := c.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("add table: %w", err)
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+type errorChainNotFound struct {
+	chainName string
+	tableName string
+}
+
+func (e errorChainNotFound) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("chain %s not found in table %s", e.chainName, e.tableName)
+}
+
+// getChainFromTable returns the chain with the given name from the given table.
+// Note that a chain name is unique within a table.
+func getChainFromTable(c *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, name string) (*nftables.Chain, error) {
+	chains, err := c.ListChainsOfTableFamily(table.Family)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list chains: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, chain := range chains {
+		// Table family is already checked so table name is unique
+		if chain.Table.Name == table.Name && chain.Name == name {
+			return chain, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil, errorChainNotFound{table.Name, name}
+}
+
+// getChainsFromTable returns all chains from the given table.
+func getChainsFromTable(c *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table) ([]*nftables.Chain, error) {
+	chains, err := c.ListChainsOfTableFamily(table.Family)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list chains: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var ret []*nftables.Chain
+	for _, chain := range chains {
+		// Table family is already checked so table name is unique
+		if chain.Table.Name == table.Name {
+			ret = append(ret, chain)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// createChainIfNotExist creates a chain with the given name in the given table
+// if it does not exist.
+func createChainIfNotExist(c *nftables.Conn, cinfo chainInfo) error {
+	chain, err := getChainFromTable(c, cinfo.table, cinfo.name)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, errorChainNotFound{cinfo.table.Name, cinfo.name}) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get chain: %w", err)
+	} else if err == nil {
+		// Chain already exists
+		if chain.Type != cinfo.chainType || chain.Hooknum != cinfo.chainHook || chain.Priority != cinfo.chainPriority {
+			return fmt.Errorf("chain %s already exists with different type/hook/priority", cinfo.name)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	_ = c.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     cinfo.name,
+		Table:    cinfo.table,
+		Type:     cinfo.chainType,
+		Hooknum:  cinfo.chainHook,
+		Priority: cinfo.chainPriority,
+	})
+
+	if err := c.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add chain: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NewNfTablesRunner creates a new nftablesRunner without guaranteeing
+// the existence of the tables and chains.
+func NewNfTablesRunner(logf logger.Logf) (*nftablesRunner, error) {
+	conn, err := nftables.New()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nftables connection: %w", err)
+	}
+	nft4 := &nftable{Proto: nftables.TableFamilyIPv4}
+
+	v6err := checkIPv6(logf)
+	if v6err != nil {
+		logf("disabling tunneled IPv6 due to system IPv6 config: %w", v6err)
+	}
+	supportsV6 := v6err == nil
+	supportsV6NAT := supportsV6 && checkSupportsV6NAT()
+
+	var nft6 *nftable
+	if supportsV6 {
+		logf("v6nat availability: %v", supportsV6NAT)
+		nft6 = &nftable{Proto: nftables.TableFamilyIPv6}
+	}
+
+	// TODO(KevinLiang10): convert iptables rule to nftable rules if they exist in the iptables
+
+	return &nftablesRunner{
+		conn:           conn,
+		nft4:           nft4,
+		nft6:           nft6,
+		v6Available:    supportsV6,
+		v6NATAvailable: supportsV6NAT,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// newLoadSaddrExpr creates a new nftables expression that loads the source
+// address of the packet into the given register.
+func newLoadSaddrExpr(proto nftables.TableFamily, destReg uint32) (expr.Any, error) {
+	switch proto {
+	case nftables.TableFamilyIPv4:
+		return &expr.Payload{
+			DestRegister: destReg,
+			Base:         expr.PayloadBaseNetworkHeader,
+			Offset:       12,
+			Len:          4,
+		}, nil
+	case nftables.TableFamilyIPv6:
+		return &expr.Payload{
+			DestRegister: destReg,
+			Base:         expr.PayloadBaseNetworkHeader,
+			Offset:       8,
+			Len:          16,
+		}, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("table family %v is neither IPv4 nor IPv6", proto)
+	}
+}
+
+// HasIPV6 returns true if the system supports IPv6.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) HasIPV6() bool {
+	return n.v6Available
+}
+
+// HasIPV6NAT returns true if the system supports IPv6 NAT.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) HasIPV6NAT() bool {
+	return n.v6NATAvailable
+}
+
+// findRule iterates through the rules to find the rule with matching expressions.
+func findRule(conn *nftables.Conn, rule *nftables.Rule) (*nftables.Rule, error) {
+	rules, err := conn.GetRules(rule.Table, rule.Chain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get nftables rules: %w", err)
+	}
+	if len(rules) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+ruleLoop:
+	for _, r := range rules {
+		if len(r.Exprs) != len(rule.Exprs) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		for i, e := range r.Exprs {
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(e, rule.Exprs[i]) {
+				continue ruleLoop
+			}
+		}
+		return r, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func createLoopbackRule(
+	proto nftables.TableFamily,
+	table *nftables.Table,
+	chain *nftables.Chain,
+	addr netip.Addr,
+) (*nftables.Rule, error) {
+	saddrExpr, err := newLoadSaddrExpr(proto, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("newLoadSaddrExpr: %w", err)
+	}
+	loopBackRule := &nftables.Rule{
+		Table: table,
+		Chain: chain,
+		Exprs: []expr.Any{
+			&expr.Meta{
+				Key:      expr.MetaKeyIIFNAME,
+				Register: 1,
+			},
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     []byte("lo"),
+			},
+			saddrExpr,
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     addr.AsSlice(),
+			},
+			&expr.Counter{},
+			&expr.Verdict{
+				Kind: expr.VerdictAccept,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	return loopBackRule, nil
+}
+
+// insertLoopbackRule inserts the TS loop back rule into
+// the given chain as the first rule if it does not exist.
+func insertLoopbackRule(
+	conn *nftables.Conn, proto nftables.TableFamily,
+	table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, addr netip.Addr) error {
+
+	loopBackRule, err := createLoopbackRule(proto, table, chain, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create loopback rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// If TestDial is set, we are running in test mode and we should not
+	// find rule because header will mismatch.
+	if conn.TestDial == nil {
+		// Check if the rule already exists.
+		rule, err := findRule(conn, loopBackRule)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("find rule: %w", err)
+		}
+		if rule != nil {
+			// Rule already exists, no need to insert.
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// This inserts the rule to the top of the chain
+	_ = conn.InsertRule(loopBackRule)
+
+	if err = conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("insert rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getNFTByAddr returns the nftables with correct IP family
+// that we will be using for the given address.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) getNFTByAddr(addr netip.Addr) *nftable {
+	if addr.Is6() {
+		return n.nft6
+	}
+	return n.nft4
+}
+
+// AddLoopbackRule adds an nftables rule to permit loopback traffic to
+// a local Tailscale IP. This rule is added only if it does not already exist.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) AddLoopbackRule(addr netip.Addr) error {
+	nf := n.getNFTByAddr(addr)
+
+	inputChain, err := getChainFromTable(n.conn, nf.Filter, chainNameInput)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get input chain: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := insertLoopbackRule(n.conn, nf.Proto, nf.Filter, inputChain, addr); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add loopback rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DelLoopbackRule removes the nftables rule permitting loopback
+// traffic to a Tailscale IP.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) DelLoopbackRule(addr netip.Addr) error {
+	nf := n.getNFTByAddr(addr)
+
+	inputChain, err := getChainFromTable(n.conn, nf.Filter, chainNameInput)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get input chain: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	loopBackRule, err := createLoopbackRule(nf.Proto, nf.Filter, inputChain, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create loopback rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	existingLoopBackRule, err := findRule(n.conn, loopBackRule)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("find loop back rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	if existingLoopBackRule == nil {
+		// Rule does not exist, no need to delete.
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := n.conn.DelRule(existingLoopBackRule); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("delete rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return n.conn.Flush()
+}
+
+// getTables gets the available nftable in nftables runner.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) getTables() []*nftable {
+	if n.v6Available {
+		return []*nftable{n.nft4, n.nft6}
+	}
+	return []*nftable{n.nft4}
+}
+
+// getNATTables gets the available nftable in nftables runner.
+// If the system does not support IPv6 NAT, only the IPv4 nftable
+// will be returned.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) getNATTables() []*nftable {
+	if n.v6NATAvailable {
+		return n.getTables()
+	}
+	return []*nftable{n.nft4}
+}
+
+// AddChains creates custom Tailscale chains in netfilter via nftables
+// if the ts-chain doesn't already exist.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) AddChains() error {
+	for _, table := range n.getTables() {
+		filter, err := createTableIfNotExist(n.conn, table.Proto, "ts-filter")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create table: %w", err)
+		}
+		table.Filter = filter
+		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{filter, chainNameForward, nftables.ChainTypeFilter, nftables.ChainHookForward, nftables.ChainPriorityRef(-1)}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create forward chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{filter, chainNameInput, nftables.ChainTypeFilter, nftables.ChainHookInput, nftables.ChainPriorityRef(-1)}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create input chain: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, table := range n.getNATTables() {
+		nat, err := createTableIfNotExist(n.conn, table.Proto, "ts-nat")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create table: %w", err)
+		}
+		table.Nat = nat
+		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{nat, chainNamePostrouting, nftables.ChainTypeNAT, nftables.ChainHookPostrouting, nftables.ChainPriorityNATDest}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create postrouting chain: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return n.conn.Flush()
+}
+
+// deleteChainIfExists deletes a chain if it exists.
+func deleteChainIfExists(c *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, name string) error {
+	chain, err := getChainFromTable(c, table, name)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, errorChainNotFound{table.Name, name}) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get chain: %w", err)
+	} else if err != nil {
+		// If the chain doesn't exist, we don't need to delete it.
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	c.FlushChain(chain)
+	c.DelChain(chain)
+
+	if err := c.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush and delete chain: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DelChains removes the custom Tailscale chains from netfilter via nftables.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) DelChains() error {
+	for _, table := range n.getTables() {
+		if err := deleteChainIfExists(n.conn, table.Filter, chainNameForward); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("delete chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := deleteChainIfExists(n.conn, table.Filter, chainNameInput); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("delete chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		n.conn.DelTable(table.Filter)
+	}
+
+	if err := deleteChainIfExists(n.conn, n.nft4.Nat, chainNamePostrouting); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("delete chain: %w", err)
+	}
+	n.conn.DelTable(n.nft4.Nat)
+
+	if n.v6NATAvailable {
+		if err := deleteChainIfExists(n.conn, n.nft6.Nat, chainNamePostrouting); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("delete chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		n.conn.DelTable(n.nft6.Nat)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AddHooks is defined to satisfy the interface. NfTables does not require
+// AddHooks, since we don't have any default tables or chains in nftables.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) AddHooks() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DelHooks is defined to satisfy the interface. NfTables does not require
+// DelHooks, since we don't have any default tables or chains in nftables.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) DelHooks(logf logger.Logf) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// maskof returns the mask of the given prefix in big endian bytes.
+func maskof(pfx netip.Prefix) []byte {
+	mask := make([]byte, 4)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(mask, ^(uint32(0xffff_ffff) >> pfx.Bits()))
+	return mask
+}
+
+// createRangeRule creates a rule that matches packets with source IP from the give
+// range (like CGNAT range or ChromeOSVM range) and the interface is not the tunname,
+// and makes the given decision. Only IPv4 is supported.
+func createRangeRule(
+	table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain,
+	tunname string, rng netip.Prefix, decision expr.VerdictKind,
+) (*nftables.Rule, error) {
+	if rng.Addr().Is6() {
+		return nil, errors.New("IPv6 is not supported")
+	}
+	saddrExpr, err := newLoadSaddrExpr(nftables.TableFamilyIPv4, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("newLoadSaddrExpr: %w", err)
+	}
+	netip := rng.Addr().AsSlice()
+	mask := maskof(rng)
+	rule := &nftables.Rule{
+		Table: table,
+		Chain: chain,
+		Exprs: []expr.Any{
+			&expr.Meta{Key: expr.MetaKeyIIFNAME, Register: 1},
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpNeq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     []byte(tunname),
+			},
+			saddrExpr,
+			&expr.Bitwise{
+				SourceRegister: 1,
+				DestRegister:   1,
+				Len:            4,
+				Mask:           mask,
+				Xor:            []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			},
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     netip,
+			},
+			&expr.Counter{},
+			&expr.Verdict{
+				Kind: decision,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	return rule, nil
+
+}
+
+// addReturnChromeOSVMRangeRule adds a rule to return if the source IP
+// is in the ChromeOS VM range.
+func addReturnChromeOSVMRangeRule(c *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, tunname string) error {
+	rule, err := createRangeRule(table, chain, tunname, tsaddr.ChromeOSVMRange(), expr.VerdictReturn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	_ = c.AddRule(rule)
+	if err = c.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// addDropCGNATRangeRule adds a rule to drop if the source IP is in the
+// CGNAT range.
+func addDropCGNATRangeRule(c *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, tunname string) error {
+	rule, err := createRangeRule(table, chain, tunname, tsaddr.CGNATRange(), expr.VerdictDrop)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	_ = c.AddRule(rule)
+	if err = c.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// createSetSubnetRouteMarkRule creates a rule to set the subnet route
+// mark if the packet is from the given interface.
+func createSetSubnetRouteMarkRule(table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, tunname string) (*nftables.Rule, error) {
+	hexTsFwmarkMaskNeg := getTailscaleFwmarkMaskNeg()
+	hexTSSubnetRouteMark := getTailscaleSubnetRouteMark()
+
+	rule := &nftables.Rule{
+		Table: table,
+		Chain: chain,
+		Exprs: []expr.Any{
+			&expr.Meta{Key: expr.MetaKeyIIFNAME, Register: 1},
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     []byte(tunname),
+			},
+			&expr.Counter{},
+			&expr.Meta{Key: expr.MetaKeyMARK, Register: 1},
+			&expr.Bitwise{
+				SourceRegister: 1,
+				DestRegister:   1,
+				Len:            4,
+				Mask:           hexTsFwmarkMaskNeg,
+				Xor:            hexTSSubnetRouteMark,
+			},
+			&expr.Meta{
+				Key:            expr.MetaKeyMARK,
+				SourceRegister: true,
+				Register:       1,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	return rule, nil
+}
+
+// addSetSubnetRouteMarkRule adds a rule to set the subnet route mark
+// if the packet is from the given interface.
+func addSetSubnetRouteMarkRule(c *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, tunname string) error {
+	rule, err := createSetSubnetRouteMarkRule(table, chain, tunname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	_ = c.AddRule(rule)
+
+	if err := c.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// createDropOutgoingPacketFromCGNATRangeRuleWithTunname creates a rule to drop
+// outgoing packets from the CGNAT range.
+func createDropOutgoingPacketFromCGNATRangeRuleWithTunname(table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, tunname string) (*nftables.Rule, error) {
+	_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(tsaddr.CGNATRange().String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse cidr: %v", err)
+	}
+	mask, err := hex.DecodeString(ipNet.Mask.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode mask: %v", err)
+	}
+	netip := ipNet.IP.Mask(ipNet.Mask).To4()
+	saddrExpr, err := newLoadSaddrExpr(nftables.TableFamilyIPv4, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("newLoadSaddrExpr: %v", err)
+	}
+	rule := &nftables.Rule{
+		Table: table,
+		Chain: chain,
+		Exprs: []expr.Any{
+			&expr.Meta{Key: expr.MetaKeyOIFNAME, Register: 1},
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     []byte(tunname),
+			},
+			saddrExpr,
+			&expr.Bitwise{
+				SourceRegister: 1,
+				DestRegister:   1,
+				Len:            4,
+				Mask:           mask,
+				Xor:            []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			},
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     netip,
+			},
+			&expr.Counter{},
+			&expr.Verdict{
+				Kind: expr.VerdictDrop,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	return rule, nil
+}
+
+// addDropOutgoingPacketFromCGNATRangeRuleWithTunname adds a rule to drop
+// outgoing packets from the CGNAT range.
+func addDropOutgoingPacketFromCGNATRangeRuleWithTunname(conn *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, tunname string) error {
+	rule, err := createDropOutgoingPacketFromCGNATRangeRuleWithTunname(table, chain, tunname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	_ = conn.AddRule(rule)
+
+	if err := conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// createAcceptOutgoingPacketRule creates a rule to accept outgoing packets
+// from the given interface.
+func createAcceptOutgoingPacketRule(table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, tunname string) *nftables.Rule {
+	return &nftables.Rule{
+		Table: table,
+		Chain: chain,
+		Exprs: []expr.Any{
+			&expr.Meta{Key: expr.MetaKeyOIFNAME, Register: 1},
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     []byte(tunname),
+			},
+			&expr.Counter{},
+			&expr.Verdict{
+				Kind: expr.VerdictAccept,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// addAcceptOutgoingPacketRule adds a rule to accept outgoing packets
+// from the given interface.
+func addAcceptOutgoingPacketRule(conn *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, tunname string) error {
+	rule := createAcceptOutgoingPacketRule(table, chain, tunname)
+	_ = conn.AddRule(rule)
+
+	if err := conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush add rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AddBase adds some basic processing rules.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) AddBase(tunname string) error {
+	if err := n.addBase4(tunname); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add base v4: %w", err)
+	}
+	if n.HasIPV6() {
+		if err := n.addBase6(tunname); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("add base v6: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// addBase4 adds some basic IPv4 processing rules.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) addBase4(tunname string) error {
+	conn := n.conn
+
+	inputChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, n.nft4.Filter, chainNameInput)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get input chain v4: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err = addReturnChromeOSVMRangeRule(conn, n.nft4.Filter, inputChain, tunname); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add return chromeos vm range rule v4: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err = addDropCGNATRangeRule(conn, n.nft4.Filter, inputChain, tunname); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add drop cgnat range rule v4: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	forwardChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, n.nft4.Filter, chainNameForward)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get forward chain v4: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = addSetSubnetRouteMarkRule(conn, n.nft4.Filter, forwardChain, tunname); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add set subnet route mark rule v4: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = addMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule(conn, n.nft4.Filter, forwardChain, Accept); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add match subnet route mark rule v4: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = addDropOutgoingPacketFromCGNATRangeRuleWithTunname(conn, n.nft4.Filter, forwardChain, tunname); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add drop outgoing packet from cgnat range rule v4: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = addAcceptOutgoingPacketRule(conn, n.nft4.Filter, forwardChain, tunname); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add accept outgoing packet rule v4: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush base v4: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// addBase6 adds some basic IPv6 processing rules.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) addBase6(tunname string) error {
+	conn := n.conn
+
+	forwardChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, n.nft6.Filter, chainNameForward)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get forward chain v6: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = addSetSubnetRouteMarkRule(conn, n.nft6.Filter, forwardChain, tunname); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add set subnet route mark rule v6: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = addMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule(conn, n.nft6.Filter, forwardChain, Accept); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add match subnet route mark rule v6: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = addAcceptOutgoingPacketRule(conn, n.nft6.Filter, forwardChain, tunname); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add accept outgoing packet rule v6: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush base v6: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DelBase empties, but does not remove, custom Tailscale chains from
+// netfilter via iptables.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) DelBase() error {
+	conn := n.conn
+
+	for _, table := range n.getTables() {
+		inputChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Filter, chainNameInput)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get input chain: %v", err)
+		}
+		conn.FlushChain(inputChain)
+		forwardChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Filter, chainNameForward)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get forward chain: %v", err)
+		}
+		conn.FlushChain(forwardChain)
+	}
+
+	for _, table := range n.getNATTables() {
+		postrouteChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Nat, chainNamePostrouting)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get postrouting chain v4: %v", err)
+		}
+		conn.FlushChain(postrouteChain)
+	}
+
+	return conn.Flush()
+}
+
+// createMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule creates a rule that matches packets
+// with the subnet route mark and takes the specified action.
+func createMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule(table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, action MatchDecision) (*nftables.Rule, error) {
+	hexTSFwmarkMask := getTailscaleFwmarkMask()
+	hexTSSubnetRouteMark := getTailscaleSubnetRouteMark()
+
+	var endAction expr.Any
+	endAction = &expr.Verdict{Kind: expr.VerdictAccept}
+	if action == Masq {
+		endAction = &expr.Masq{}
+	}
+
+	exprs := []expr.Any{
+		&expr.Meta{Key: expr.MetaKeyMARK, Register: 1},
+		&expr.Bitwise{
+			SourceRegister: 1,
+			DestRegister:   1,
+			Len:            4,
+			Mask:           hexTSFwmarkMask,
+			Xor:            []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+		},
+		&expr.Cmp{
+			Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+			Register: 1,
+			Data:     hexTSSubnetRouteMark,
+		},
+		&expr.Counter{},
+		endAction,
+	}
+
+	rule := &nftables.Rule{
+		Table: table,
+		Chain: chain,
+		Exprs: exprs,
+	}
+	return rule, nil
+}
+
+// addMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule adds a rule that matches packets with
+// the subnet route mark and takes the specified action.
+func addMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule(conn *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, action MatchDecision) error {
+	rule, err := createMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule(table, chain, action)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create match subnet route mark rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	_ = conn.AddRule(rule)
+
+	if err := conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush add rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AddSNATRule adds a netfilter rule to SNAT traffic destined for
+// local subnets.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) AddSNATRule() error {
+	conn := n.conn
+
+	for _, table := range n.getNATTables() {
+		chain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Nat, chainNamePostrouting)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get postrouting chain v4: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if err = addMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule(conn, table.Nat, chain, Masq); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("add match subnet route mark rule v4: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush add SNAT rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DelSNATRule removes the netfilter rule to SNAT traffic destined for
+// local subnets. An error is returned if the rule does not exist.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) DelSNATRule() error {
+	conn := n.conn
+
+	hexTSFwmarkMask := getTailscaleFwmarkMask()
+	hexTSSubnetRouteMark := getTailscaleSubnetRouteMark()
+
+	exprs := []expr.Any{
+		&expr.Meta{Key: expr.MetaKeyMARK, Register: 1},
+		&expr.Bitwise{
+			SourceRegister: 1,
+			DestRegister:   1,
+			Len:            4,
+			Mask:           hexTSFwmarkMask,
+		},
+		&expr.Cmp{
+			Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+			Register: 1,
+			Data:     hexTSSubnetRouteMark,
+		},
+		&expr.Counter{},
+		&expr.Masq{},
+	}
+
+	for _, table := range n.getNATTables() {
+		chain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Nat, chainNamePostrouting)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get postrouting chain v4: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		rule := &nftables.Rule{
+			Table: table.Nat,
+			Chain: chain,
+			Exprs: exprs,
+		}
+
+		SNATRule, err := findRule(conn, rule)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("find SNAT rule v4: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		_ = conn.DelRule(SNATRule)
+	}
+
+	if err := conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush del SNAT rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NfTablesCleanUp removes all Tailscale added nftables rules.
+// Any errors that occur are logged to the provided logf.
+func NfTablesCleanUp(logf logger.Logf) {
+	conn, err := nftables.New()
+	if err != nil {
+		logf("ERROR: nftables connection: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	tables, err := conn.ListTables() // both v4 and v6
+	if err != nil {
+		logf("ERROR: list tables: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, table := range tables {
+		if table.Name == "ts-filter" || table.Name == "ts-nat" {
+			conn.DelTable(table)
+			if err := conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+				logf("ERROR: flush table %s: %w", table.Name, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/util/linuxfw/nftables_runner_test.go b/util/linuxfw/nftables_runner_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab4543b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/linuxfw/nftables_runner_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,790 @@
+// Copyright (c) Tailscale Inc & AUTHORS
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux
+
+package linuxfw
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/nftables"
+	"github.com/google/nftables/expr"
+	"github.com/mdlayher/netlink"
+	"github.com/vishvananda/netns"
+	"tailscale.com/net/tsaddr"
+)
+
+// nfdump returns a hexdump of 4 bytes per line (like nft --debug=all), allowing
+// users to make sense of large byte literals more easily.
+func nfdump(b []byte) string {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	i := 0
+	for ; i < len(b); i += 4 {
+		// TODO: show printable characters as ASCII
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%02x %02x %02x %02x\n",
+			b[i],
+			b[i+1],
+			b[i+2],
+			b[i+3])
+	}
+	for ; i < len(b); i++ {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%02x ", b[i])
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+func TestMaskof(t *testing.T) {
+	pfx, err := netip.ParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	want := []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00}
+	if got := maskof(pfx); !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
+		t.Errorf("got %v; want %v", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// linediff returns a side-by-side diff of two nfdump() return values, flagging
+// lines which are not equal with an exclamation point prefix.
+func linediff(a, b string) string {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "got -- want\n")
+	linesA := strings.Split(a, "\n")
+	linesB := strings.Split(b, "\n")
+	for idx, lineA := range linesA {
+		if idx >= len(linesB) {
+			break
+		}
+		lineB := linesB[idx]
+		prefix := "! "
+		if lineA == lineB {
+			prefix = "  "
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s%s -- %s\n", prefix, lineA, lineB)
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+func newTestConn(t *testing.T, want [][]byte) *nftables.Conn {
+	conn, err := nftables.New(nftables.WithTestDial(
+		func(req []netlink.Message) ([]netlink.Message, error) {
+			for idx, msg := range req {
+				b, err := msg.MarshalBinary()
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+				if len(b) < 16 {
+					continue
+				}
+				b = b[16:]
+				if len(want) == 0 {
+					t.Errorf("no want entry for message %d: %x", idx, b)
+					continue
+				}
+				if got, want := b, want[0]; !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
+					t.Errorf("message %d: %s", idx, linediff(nfdump(got), nfdump(want)))
+				}
+				want = want[1:]
+			}
+			return req, nil
+		}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return conn
+}
+
+func TestInsertLoopbackRule(t *testing.T) {
+	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip ts-filter-test
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-filter-test ts-input-test { type filter hook input priority 0 \; }
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0b\x00\x07\x00\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip ts-filter-test ts-input-test iifname "lo" ip saddr 192.168.0.2 counter accept
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x10\x01\x04\x80\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x06\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x20\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x03\x80\x06\x00\x01\x00\x6c\x6f\x00\x00\x34\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x70\x61\x79\x6c\x6f\x61\x64\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x08\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x20\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x03\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\xc0\xa8\x00\x02\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x01\x80\x0e\x00\x01\x00\x69\x6d\x6d\x65\x64\x69\x61\x74\x65\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	table := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: proto,
+		Name:   "ts-filter-test",
+	})
+
+	chain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-input-test",
+		Table:    table,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeFilter,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookInput,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityFilter,
+	})
+
+	addr := netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.0.2")
+
+	err := insertLoopbackRule(testConn, proto, table, chain, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInsertLoopbackRuleV6(t *testing.T) {
+	protoV6 := nftables.TableFamilyIPv6
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip6 ts-filter-test
+		[]byte("\x0a\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip6 ts-filter-test ts-input-test { type filter hook input priority 0\; }
+		[]byte("\x0a\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0b\x00\x07\x00\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip6 ts-filter-test ts-input-test iifname "lo" ip6 addr 2001:db8::1 counter accept
+		[]byte("\x0a\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x01\x04\x80\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x06\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x20\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x03\x80\x06\x00\x01\x00\x6c\x6f\x00\x00\x34\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x70\x61\x79\x6c\x6f\x61\x64\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x08\x08\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x38\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x2c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x18\x00\x03\x80\x14\x00\x01\x00\x20\x01\x0d\xb8\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x01\x80\x0e\x00\x01\x00\x69\x6d\x6d\x65\x64\x69\x61\x74\x65\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	tableV6 := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: protoV6,
+		Name:   "ts-filter-test",
+	})
+
+	chainV6 := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-input-test",
+		Table:    tableV6,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeFilter,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookInput,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityFilter,
+	})
+
+	addrV6 := netip.MustParseAddr("2001:db8::1")
+
+	err := insertLoopbackRule(testConn, protoV6, tableV6, chainV6, addrV6)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddReturnChromeOSVMRangeRule(t *testing.T) {
+	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip ts-filter-test
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-filter-test ts-input-test { type filter hook input priority 0\; }
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0b\x00\x07\x00\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip ts-filter-test ts-input-test iifname != "testTunn" ip saddr 100.115.92.0/23 counter return
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x58\x01\x04\x80\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x06\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x30\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x10\x00\x03\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x74\x65\x73\x74\x54\x75\x6e\x6e\x34\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x70\x61\x79\x6c\x6f\x61\x64\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x08\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x44\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x62\x69\x74\x77\x69\x73\x65\x00\x34\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x0c\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\xff\xff\xfe\x00\x0c\x00\x05\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x20\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x03\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x64\x73\x5c\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x01\x80\x0e\x00\x01\x00\x69\x6d\x6d\x65\x64\x69\x61\x74\x65\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\xff\xff\xff\xfb"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	table := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: proto,
+		Name:   "ts-filter-test",
+	})
+	chain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-input-test",
+		Table:    table,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeFilter,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookInput,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityFilter,
+	})
+	err := addReturnChromeOSVMRangeRule(testConn, table, chain, "testTunn")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddDropCGNATRangeRule(t *testing.T) {
+	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip ts-filter-test
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-filter-test ts-input-test { type filter hook input priority filter; }
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0b\x00\x07\x00\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip ts-filter-test ts-input-test iifname != "testTunn" ip saddr 100.64.0.0/10 counter drop
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x58\x01\x04\x80\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x06\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x30\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x10\x00\x03\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x74\x65\x73\x74\x54\x75\x6e\x6e\x34\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x70\x61\x79\x6c\x6f\x61\x64\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x08\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x44\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x62\x69\x74\x77\x69\x73\x65\x00\x34\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x0c\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\xff\xc0\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x05\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x20\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x03\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x64\x40\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x01\x80\x0e\x00\x01\x00\x69\x6d\x6d\x65\x64\x69\x61\x74\x65\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	table := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: proto,
+		Name:   "ts-filter-test",
+	})
+	chain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-input-test",
+		Table:    table,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeFilter,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookInput,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityFilter,
+	})
+	err := addDropCGNATRangeRule(testConn, table, chain, "testTunn")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddSetSubnetRouteMarkRule(t *testing.T) {
+	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip ts-filter-test
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-filter-test ts-forward-test { type filter hook forward priority 0\; }
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x14\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x6f\x72\x77\x61\x72\x64\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0b\x00\x07\x00\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip ts-filter-test ts-forward-test iifname "testTunn" counter meta mark set mark and 0xff00ffff xor 0x40000
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x6f\x72\x77\x61\x72\x64\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x10\x01\x04\x80\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x06\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x30\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x03\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x74\x65\x73\x74\x54\x75\x6e\x6e\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x44\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x62\x69\x74\x77\x69\x73\x65\x00\x34\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x0c\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\xff\x00\xff\xff\x0c\x00\x05\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	table := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: proto,
+		Name:   "ts-filter-test",
+	})
+	chain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-forward-test",
+		Table:    table,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeFilter,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookForward,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityFilter,
+	})
+	err := addSetSubnetRouteMarkRule(testConn, table, chain, "testTunn")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddDropOutgoingPacketFromCGNATRangeRuleWithTunname(t *testing.T) {
+	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip ts-filter-test
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-filter-test ts-forward-test { type filter hook forward priority 0\; }
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x14\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x6f\x72\x77\x61\x72\x64\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0b\x00\x07\x00\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip ts-filter-test ts-forward-test oifname "testTunn" ip saddr 100.64.0.0/10 counter drop
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x6f\x72\x77\x61\x72\x64\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x58\x01\x04\x80\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x07\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x30\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x03\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x74\x65\x73\x74\x54\x75\x6e\x6e\x34\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x70\x61\x79\x6c\x6f\x61\x64\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x08\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x44\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x62\x69\x74\x77\x69\x73\x65\x00\x34\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x0c\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\xff\xc0\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x05\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x20\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x03\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x64\x40\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x01\x80\x0e\x00\x01\x00\x69\x6d\x6d\x65\x64\x69\x61\x74\x65\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	table := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: proto,
+		Name:   "ts-filter-test",
+	})
+	chain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-forward-test",
+		Table:    table,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeFilter,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookForward,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityFilter,
+	})
+	err := addDropOutgoingPacketFromCGNATRangeRuleWithTunname(testConn, table, chain, "testTunn")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddAcceptOutgoingPacketRule(t *testing.T) {
+	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip ts-filter-test
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-filter-test ts-forward-test { type filter hook forward priority 0\; }
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x14\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x6f\x72\x77\x61\x72\x64\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0b\x00\x07\x00\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip ts-filter-test ts-forward-test oifname "testTunn" counter accept
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x6f\x72\x77\x61\x72\x64\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\xb4\x00\x04\x80\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x07\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x30\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x24\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x03\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x74\x65\x73\x74\x54\x75\x6e\x6e\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x01\x80\x0e\x00\x01\x00\x69\x6d\x6d\x65\x64\x69\x61\x74\x65\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	table := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: proto,
+		Name:   "ts-filter-test",
+	})
+	chain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-forward-test",
+		Table:    table,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeFilter,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookForward,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityFilter,
+	})
+	err := addAcceptOutgoingPacketRule(testConn, table, chain, "testTunn")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddMatchSubnetRouteMarkRuleMasq(t *testing.T) {
+	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip ts-nat-test
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x6e\x61\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-nat-test ts-postrouting-test { type nat hook postrouting priority 100; }
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x6e\x61\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x18\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x70\x6f\x73\x74\x72\x6f\x75\x74\x69\x6e\x67\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x64\x08\x00\x07\x00\x6e\x61\x74\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip ts-nat-test ts-postrouting-test meta mark & 0x00ff0000 == 0x00040000 counter masquerade
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x6e\x61\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x18\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x70\x6f\x73\x74\x72\x6f\x75\x74\x69\x6e\x67\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\xf4\x00\x04\x80\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x44\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x62\x69\x74\x77\x69\x73\x65\x00\x34\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x0c\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\xff\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x05\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x20\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x03\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x01\x80\x0e\x00\x01\x00\x69\x6d\x6d\x65\x64\x69\x61\x74\x65\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	table := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: proto,
+		Name:   "ts-nat-test",
+	})
+	chain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-postrouting-test",
+		Table:    table,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeNAT,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookPostrouting,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityNATSource,
+	})
+	err := addMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule(testConn, table, chain, Accept)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddMatchSubnetRouteMarkRuleAccept(t *testing.T) {
+	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip ts-filter-test
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-filter-test ts-forward-test { type filter hook forward priority 0\; }
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x14\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x6f\x72\x77\x61\x72\x64\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0b\x00\x07\x00\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip ts-filter-test ts-forward-test meta mark and 0x00ff0000 eq 0x00040000 counter accept
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x6f\x72\x77\x61\x72\x64\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\xf4\x00\x04\x80\x24\x00\x01\x80\x09\x00\x01\x00\x6d\x65\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x44\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x62\x69\x74\x77\x69\x73\x65\x00\x34\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x0c\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\xff\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x05\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6d\x70\x00\x20\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x03\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x01\x80\x0e\x00\x01\x00\x69\x6d\x6d\x65\x64\x69\x61\x74\x65\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	table := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: proto,
+		Name:   "ts-filter-test",
+	})
+	chain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-forward-test",
+		Table:    table,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeFilter,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookForward,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityFilter,
+	})
+	err := addMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule(testConn, table, chain, Accept)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func newSysConn(t *testing.T) *nftables.Conn {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+
+	ns, err := netns.New()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netns.New() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	c, err := nftables.New(nftables.WithNetNSFd(int(ns)))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("nftables.New() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { cleanupSysConn(t, ns) })
+
+	return c
+}
+
+func cleanupSysConn(t *testing.T, ns netns.NsHandle) {
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+
+	if err := ns.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("newNS.Close() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func newFakeNftablesRunner(t *testing.T, conn *nftables.Conn) *nftablesRunner {
+	nft4 := &nftable{Proto: nftables.TableFamilyIPv4}
+	nft6 := &nftable{Proto: nftables.TableFamilyIPv6}
+
+	return &nftablesRunner{
+		conn:           conn,
+		nft4:           nft4,
+		nft6:           nft6,
+		v6Available:    true,
+		v6NATAvailable: true,
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddAndDelNetfilterChains(t *testing.T) {
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		t.Skip(t.Name(), " requires privileges to create a namespace in order to run")
+		return
+	}
+	conn := newSysConn(t)
+
+	runner := newFakeNftablesRunner(t, conn)
+	runner.AddChains()
+
+	tables, err := conn.ListTables()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.ListTables() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(tables) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(tables) = %d, want 4", len(tables))
+	}
+
+	chainsV4, err := conn.ListChainsOfTableFamily(nftables.TableFamilyIPv4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list chains failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(chainsV4) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(chainsV4) = %d, want 3", len(chainsV4))
+	}
+
+	chainsV6, err := conn.ListChainsOfTableFamily(nftables.TableFamilyIPv6)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list chains failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(chainsV6) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(chainsV6) = %d, want 3", len(chainsV6))
+	}
+
+	runner.DelChains()
+
+	tables, err = conn.ListTables()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.ListTables() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(tables) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(tables) = %d, want 0", len(tables))
+	}
+}
+
+func getTsChains(
+	conn *nftables.Conn,
+	proto nftables.TableFamily) (*nftables.Chain, *nftables.Chain, *nftables.Chain, error) {
+	chains, err := conn.ListChainsOfTableFamily(nftables.TableFamilyIPv4)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list chains failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	var chainInput, chainForward, chainPostrouting *nftables.Chain
+	for _, chain := range chains {
+		switch chain.Name {
+		case "ts-input":
+			chainInput = chain
+		case "ts-forward":
+			chainForward = chain
+		case "ts-postrouting":
+			chainPostrouting = chain
+		}
+	}
+	return chainInput, chainForward, chainPostrouting, nil
+}
+
+// findV4BaseRules verifies that the base rules are present in the input and forward chains.
+func findV4BaseRules(
+	conn *nftables.Conn,
+	inpChain *nftables.Chain,
+	forwChain *nftables.Chain,
+	tunname string) ([]*nftables.Rule, error) {
+	want := []*nftables.Rule{}
+	rule, err := createRangeRule(inpChain.Table, inpChain, tunname, tsaddr.ChromeOSVMRange(), expr.VerdictReturn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	want = append(want, rule)
+	rule, err = createRangeRule(inpChain.Table, inpChain, tunname, tsaddr.CGNATRange(), expr.VerdictDrop)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	want = append(want, rule)
+	rule, err = createDropOutgoingPacketFromCGNATRangeRuleWithTunname(forwChain.Table, forwChain, tunname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	want = append(want, rule)
+
+	get := []*nftables.Rule{}
+	for _, rule := range want {
+		getRule, err := findRule(conn, rule)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("find rule: %w", err)
+		}
+		get = append(get, getRule)
+	}
+	return get, nil
+}
+
+func findCommonBaseRules(
+	conn *nftables.Conn,
+	forwChain *nftables.Chain,
+	tunname string) ([]*nftables.Rule, error) {
+	want := []*nftables.Rule{}
+	rule, err := createSetSubnetRouteMarkRule(forwChain.Table, forwChain, tunname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	want = append(want, rule)
+	rule, err = createMatchSubnetRouteMarkRule(forwChain.Table, forwChain, Accept)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	want = append(want, rule)
+	rule = createAcceptOutgoingPacketRule(forwChain.Table, forwChain, tunname)
+	want = append(want, rule)
+
+	get := []*nftables.Rule{}
+	for _, rule := range want {
+		getRule, err := findRule(conn, rule)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("find rule: %w", err)
+		}
+		get = append(get, getRule)
+	}
+
+	return get, nil
+}
+
+func TestNFTAddAndDelNetfilterBase(t *testing.T) {
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		t.Skip(t.Name(), " requires privileges to create a namespace in order to run")
+		return
+	}
+
+	conn := newSysConn(t)
+
+	runner := newFakeNftablesRunner(t, conn)
+	runner.AddChains()
+	defer runner.DelChains()
+	runner.AddBase("testTunn")
+
+	// check number of rules in each IPv4 TS chain
+	inputV4, forwardV4, postroutingV4, err := getTsChains(conn, nftables.TableFamilyIPv4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getTsChains() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	inputV4Rules, err := conn.GetRules(runner.nft4.Filter, inputV4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(inputV4Rules) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(inputV4Rules) = %d, want 2", len(inputV4Rules))
+	}
+
+	forwardV4Rules, err := conn.GetRules(runner.nft4.Filter, forwardV4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(forwardV4Rules) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(forwardV4Rules) = %d, want 4", len(forwardV4Rules))
+	}
+
+	postroutingV4Rules, err := conn.GetRules(runner.nft4.Nat, postroutingV4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(postroutingV4Rules) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(postroutingV4Rules) = %d, want 0", len(postroutingV4Rules))
+	}
+
+	_, err = findV4BaseRules(conn, inputV4, forwardV4, "testTunn")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("missing v4 base rule: %v", err)
+	}
+	_, err = findCommonBaseRules(conn, forwardV4, "testTunn")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("missing v4 base rule: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check number of rules in each IPv6 TS chain.
+	inputV6, forwardV6, postroutingV6, err := getTsChains(conn, nftables.TableFamilyIPv6)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getTsChains() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	inputV6Rules, err := conn.GetRules(runner.nft6.Filter, inputV6)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(inputV6Rules) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(inputV6Rules) = %d, want 0", len(inputV4Rules))
+	}
+
+	forwardV6Rules, err := conn.GetRules(runner.nft6.Filter, forwardV6)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(forwardV6Rules) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(forwardV6Rules) = %d, want 3", len(forwardV4Rules))
+	}
+
+	postroutingV6Rules, err := conn.GetRules(runner.nft6.Nat, postroutingV6)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(postroutingV6Rules) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(postroutingV6Rules) = %d, want 0", len(postroutingV4Rules))
+	}
+
+	_, err = findCommonBaseRules(conn, forwardV6, "testTunn")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("missing v6 base rule: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	runner.DelBase()
+
+	chains, err := conn.ListChains()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.ListChains() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, chain := range chains {
+		chainRules, err := conn.GetRules(chain.Table, chain)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		if len(chainRules) != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("len(chainRules) = %d, want 0", len(chainRules))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func findLoopBackRule(conn *nftables.Conn, proto nftables.TableFamily, table *nftables.Table, chain *nftables.Chain, addr netip.Addr) (*nftables.Rule, error) {
+	matchingAddr := addr.AsSlice()
+	saddrExpr, err := newLoadSaddrExpr(proto, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get expr: %w", err)
+	}
+	loopBackRule := &nftables.Rule{
+		Table: table,
+		Chain: chain,
+		Exprs: []expr.Any{
+			&expr.Meta{
+				Key:      expr.MetaKeyIIFNAME,
+				Register: 1,
+			},
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     []byte("lo"),
+			},
+			saddrExpr,
+			&expr.Cmp{
+				Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
+				Register: 1,
+				Data:     matchingAddr,
+			},
+			&expr.Counter{},
+			&expr.Verdict{
+				Kind: expr.VerdictAccept,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	existingLoopBackRule, err := findRule(conn, loopBackRule)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("find loop back rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	return existingLoopBackRule, nil
+}
+
+func TestNFTAddAndDelLoopbackRule(t *testing.T) {
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		t.Skip(t.Name(), " requires privileges to create a namespace in order to run")
+		return
+	}
+
+	conn := newSysConn(t)
+
+	runner := newFakeNftablesRunner(t, conn)
+	runner.AddChains()
+	defer runner.DelChains()
+	runner.AddBase("testTunn")
+	defer runner.DelBase()
+
+	addr := netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.0.2")
+	addrV6 := netip.MustParseAddr("2001:db8::2")
+	runner.AddLoopbackRule(addr)
+	runner.AddLoopbackRule(addrV6)
+
+	inputV4, _, _, err := getTsChains(conn, nftables.TableFamilyIPv4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getTsChains() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	inputV4Rules, err := conn.GetRules(runner.nft4.Filter, inputV4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(inputV4Rules) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(inputV4Rules) = %d, want 3", len(inputV4Rules))
+	}
+
+	existingLoopBackRule, err := findLoopBackRule(conn, nftables.TableFamilyIPv4, runner.nft4.Filter, inputV4, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("findLoopBackRule() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if existingLoopBackRule.Position != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("existingLoopBackRule.Handle = %d, want 0", existingLoopBackRule.Handle)
+	}
+
+	inputV6, _, _, err := getTsChains(conn, nftables.TableFamilyIPv6)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getTsChains() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	inputV6Rules, err := conn.GetRules(runner.nft6.Filter, inputV4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(inputV6Rules) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(inputV4Rules) = %d, want 1", len(inputV4Rules))
+	}
+
+	existingLoopBackRuleV6, err := findLoopBackRule(conn, nftables.TableFamilyIPv6, runner.nft6.Filter, inputV6, addrV6)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("findLoopBackRule() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if existingLoopBackRuleV6.Position != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("existingLoopBackRule.Handle = %d, want 0", existingLoopBackRule.Handle)
+	}
+
+	runner.DelLoopbackRule(addr)
+	runner.DelLoopbackRule(addrV6)
+
+	inputV4Rules, err = conn.GetRules(runner.nft4.Filter, inputV4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conn.GetRules() failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(inputV4Rules) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(inputV4Rules) = %d, want 2", len(inputV4Rules))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/wgengine/router/router_linux.go b/wgengine/router/router_linux.go
index ee39849e6..6b723c845 100644
--- a/wgengine/router/router_linux.go
+++ b/wgengine/router/router_linux.go
@@ -36,9 +36,8 @@
 	netfilterOn       = preftype.NetfilterOn
 )
 
-// netfilterRunner abstracts helpers to run netfilter commands. It
-// exists purely to swap out go-iptables for a fake implementation in
-// tests.
+// netfilterRunner abstracts helpers to run netfilter commands. It is
+// implemented by linuxfw.IPTablesRunner and linuxfw.NfTablesRunner.
 type netfilterRunner interface {
 	AddLoopbackRule(addr netip.Addr) error
 	DelLoopbackRule(addr netip.Addr) error
@@ -55,14 +54,24 @@ type netfilterRunner interface {
 	HasIPV6NAT() bool
 }
 
+// newNetfilterRunner creates a netfilterRunner using either nftables or iptables.
+// As nftables is still experimental, iptables will be used unless TS_DEBUG_USE_NETLINK_NFTABLES is set.
 func newNetfilterRunner(logf logger.Logf) (netfilterRunner, error) {
 	var nfr netfilterRunner
 	var err error
-	nfr, err = linuxfw.NewIPTablesRunner(logf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	if envknob.Bool("TS_DEBUG_USE_NETLINK_NFTABLES") {
+		logf("router: using nftables")
+		nfr, err = linuxfw.NewNfTablesRunner(logf)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		logf("router: using iptables")
+		nfr, err = linuxfw.NewIPTablesRunner(logf)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
-
 	return nfr, nil
 }
 
@@ -489,9 +498,11 @@ func (r *linuxRouter) setNetfilterMode(mode preftype.NetfilterMode) error {
 			if err := r.nfr.DelBase(); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+			// AddHooks adds the ts loopback rule.
 			if err := r.nfr.AddHooks(); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+			// AddBase adds base ts rules
 			if err := r.nfr.AddBase(r.tunname); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -1278,9 +1289,13 @@ func normalizeCIDR(cidr netip.Prefix) string {
 	return cidr.Masked().String()
 }
 
+// cleanup removes all the rules and routes that were added by the linux router.
+// The function calls cleanup for both iptables and nftables since which ever
+// netfilter runner is used, the cleanup function for the other one doesn't do anything.
 func cleanup(logf logger.Logf, interfaceName string) {
 	if interfaceName != "userspace-networking" {
 		linuxfw.IPTablesCleanup(logf)
+		linuxfw.NfTablesCleanUp(logf)
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/wgengine/router/router_linux_test.go b/wgengine/router/router_linux_test.go
index d5b3219ec..5d0263993 100644
--- a/wgengine/router/router_linux_test.go
+++ b/wgengine/router/router_linux_test.go
@@ -453,18 +453,18 @@ func (n *fakeIPTablesRunner) AddLoopbackRule(addr netip.Addr) error {
 }
 
 func (n *fakeIPTablesRunner) AddBase(tunname string) error {
-	if err := n.AddBase4(tunname); err != nil {
+	if err := n.addBase4(tunname); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if n.HasIPV6() {
-		if err := n.AddBase6(tunname); err != nil {
+		if err := n.addBase6(tunname); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (n *fakeIPTablesRunner) AddBase4(tunname string) error {
+func (n *fakeIPTablesRunner) addBase4(tunname string) error {
 	curIPT := n.ipt4
 	newRules := []struct{ chain, rule string }{
 		{"filter/ts-input", fmt.Sprintf("! -i %s -s %s -j RETURN", tunname, tsaddr.ChromeOSVMRange().String())},
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ func (n *fakeIPTablesRunner) AddBase4(tunname string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (n *fakeIPTablesRunner) AddBase6(tunname string) error {
+func (n *fakeIPTablesRunner) addBase6(tunname string) error {
 	curIPT := n.ipt6
 	newRules := []struct{ chain, rule string }{
 		{"filter/ts-forward", fmt.Sprintf("-i %s -j MARK --set-mark %s/%s", tunname, linuxfw.TailscaleSubnetRouteMark, linuxfw.TailscaleFwmarkMask)},