util/linuxfw: reorganize nftables rules to allow it to work with ufw

This commit tries to mimic the way iptables-nft work with the filewall rules. We
follow the convention of using tables like filter, nat and the conventional
chains, to make our nftables implementation work with ufw.

Updates: #391

Signed-off-by: KevinLiang10 <kevinliang@tailscale.com>

util/linuxfw/nftables_runner.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/google/nftables"
 	"github.com/google/nftables/expr"
@@ -26,12 +27,16 @@ const (
 	chainNamePostrouting = "ts-postrouting"
 )
 
+// chainTypeRegular is an nftables chain that does not apply to a hook.
+const chainTypeRegular = ""
+
 type chainInfo struct {
 	table         *nftables.Table
 	name          string
 	chainType     nftables.ChainType
 	chainHook     *nftables.ChainHook
 	chainPriority *nftables.ChainPriority
+	chainPolicy   *nftables.ChainPolicy
 }
 
 type nftable struct {
@@ -40,6 +45,21 @@ type nftable struct {
 	Nat    *nftables.Table
 }
 
+// nftablesRunner implements a netfilterRunner using the netlink based nftables
+// library. As nftables allows for arbitrary tables and chains, there is a need
+// to follow conventions in order to integrate well with a surrounding
+// ecosystem. The rules installed by nftablesRunner have the following
+// properties:
+//   - Install rules that intend to take precedence over rules installed by
+//     other software. Tailscale provides packet filtering for tailnet traffic
+//     inside the daemon based on the tailnet ACL rules.
+//   - As nftables "accept" is not final, rules from high priority tables (low
+//     numbers) will fall through to lower priority tables (high numbers). In
+//     order to effectively be 'final', we install "jump" rules into conventional
+//     tables and chains that will reach an accept verdict inside those tables.
+//   - The table and chain conventions followed here are those used by
+//     `iptables-nft` and `ufw`, so that those tools co-exist and do not
+//     negatively affect Tailscale function.
 type nftablesRunner struct {
 	conn *nftables.Conn
 	nft4 *nftable
@@ -116,6 +136,11 @@ func getChainsFromTable(c *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table) ([]*nftables.Ch
 	return ret, nil
 }
 
+// isTSChain retruns true if the chain name starts with ts
+func isTSChain(name string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(name, "ts-")
+}
+
 // createChainIfNotExist creates a chain with the given name in the given table
 // if it does not exist.
 func createChainIfNotExist(c *nftables.Conn, cinfo chainInfo) error {
@@ -123,8 +148,11 @@ func createChainIfNotExist(c *nftables.Conn, cinfo chainInfo) error {
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, errorChainNotFound{cinfo.table.Name, cinfo.name}) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get chain: %w", err)
 	} else if err == nil {
-		// Chain already exists
+		// The chain already exists. If it is a TS chain, check the
-		if chain.Type != cinfo.chainType || chain.Hooknum != cinfo.chainHook || chain.Priority != cinfo.chainPriority {
+		// type/hook/priority, but for "conventional chains" assume they're what
+		// we expect (in case iptables-nft/ufw make minor behavior changes in
+		// the future).
+		if isTSChain(chain.Name) && (chain.Type != cinfo.chainType || chain.Hooknum != cinfo.chainHook || chain.Priority != cinfo.chainPriority) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("chain %s already exists with different type/hook/priority", cinfo.name)
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -136,6 +164,7 @@ func createChainIfNotExist(c *nftables.Conn, cinfo chainInfo) error {
 		Type:     cinfo.chainType,
 		Hooknum:  cinfo.chainHook,
 		Priority: cinfo.chainPriority,
+		Policy:   cinfo.chainPolicy,
 	})
 
 	if err := c.Flush(); err != nil {
@@ -228,6 +257,10 @@ ruleLoop:
 		}
 
 		for i, e := range r.Exprs {
+			// Skip counter expressions, as they will not match.
+			if _, ok := e.(*expr.Counter); ok {
+				continue
+			}
 			if !reflect.DeepEqual(e, rule.Exprs[i]) {
 				continue ruleLoop
 			}
@@ -388,27 +421,49 @@ func (n *nftablesRunner) getNATTables() []*nftable {
 // AddChains creates custom Tailscale chains in netfilter via nftables
 // if the ts-chain doesn't already exist.
 func (n *nftablesRunner) AddChains() error {
+	polAccept := nftables.ChainPolicyAccept
 	for _, table := range n.getTables() {
-		filter, err := createTableIfNotExist(n.conn, table.Proto, "ts-filter")
+		// Create the filter table if it doesn't exist, this table name is the same
+		// as the name used by iptables-nft and ufw. We install rules into the
+		// same conventional table so that `accept` verdicts from our jump
+		// chains are conclusive.
+		filter, err := createTableIfNotExist(n.conn, table.Proto, "filter")
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create table: %w", err)
 		}
 		table.Filter = filter
-		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{filter, chainNameForward, nftables.ChainTypeFilter, nftables.ChainHookForward, nftables.ChainPriorityRef(-1)}); err != nil {
+		// Adding the "conventional chains" that are used by iptables-nft and ufw.
+		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{filter, "FORWARD", nftables.ChainTypeFilter, nftables.ChainHookForward, nftables.ChainPriorityFilter, &polAccept}); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create forward chain: %w", err)
 		}
-		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{filter, chainNameInput, nftables.ChainTypeFilter, nftables.ChainHookInput, nftables.ChainPriorityRef(-1)}); err != nil {
+		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{filter, "INPUT", nftables.ChainTypeFilter, nftables.ChainHookInput, nftables.ChainPriorityFilter, &polAccept}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create input chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		// Adding the tailscale chains that contain our rules.
+		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{filter, chainNameForward, chainTypeRegular, nil, nil, nil}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create forward chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{filter, chainNameInput, chainTypeRegular, nil, nil, nil}); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create input chain: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	for _, table := range n.getNATTables() {
-		nat, err := createTableIfNotExist(n.conn, table.Proto, "ts-nat")
+		// Create the nat table if it doesn't exist, this table name is the same
+		// as the name used by iptables-nft and ufw. We install rules into the
+		// same conventional table so that `accept` verdicts from our jump
+		// chains are conclusive.
+		nat, err := createTableIfNotExist(n.conn, table.Proto, "nat")
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create table: %w", err)
 		}
 		table.Nat = nat
-		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{nat, chainNamePostrouting, nftables.ChainTypeNAT, nftables.ChainHookPostrouting, nftables.ChainPriorityNATDest}); err != nil {
+		// Adding the "conventional chains" that are used by iptables-nft and ufw.
+		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{nat, "POSTROUTING", nftables.ChainTypeNAT, nftables.ChainHookPostrouting, nftables.ChainPriorityNATSource, &polAccept}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create postrouting chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		// Adding the tailscale chain that contains our rules.
+		if err = createChainIfNotExist(n.conn, chainInfo{nat, chainNamePostrouting, chainTypeRegular, nil, nil, nil}); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create postrouting chain: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -445,19 +500,16 @@ func (n *nftablesRunner) DelChains() error {
 		if err := deleteChainIfExists(n.conn, table.Filter, chainNameInput); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("delete chain: %w", err)
 		}
-		n.conn.DelTable(table.Filter)
 	}
 
 	if err := deleteChainIfExists(n.conn, n.nft4.Nat, chainNamePostrouting); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("delete chain: %w", err)
 	}
-	n.conn.DelTable(n.nft4.Nat)
 
 	if n.v6NATAvailable {
 		if err := deleteChainIfExists(n.conn, n.nft6.Nat, chainNamePostrouting); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("delete chain: %w", err)
 		}
-		n.conn.DelTable(n.nft6.Nat)
 	}
 
 	if err := n.conn.Flush(); err != nil {
@@ -467,15 +519,128 @@ func (n *nftablesRunner) DelChains() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// AddHooks is defined to satisfy the interface. NfTables does not require
+// createHookRule creates a rule to jump from a hooked chain to a regular chain.
-// AddHooks, since we don't have any default tables or chains in nftables.
+func createHookRule(table *nftables.Table, fromChain *nftables.Chain, toChainName string) *nftables.Rule {
-func (n *nftablesRunner) AddHooks() error {
+	exprs := []expr.Any{
+		&expr.Counter{},
+		&expr.Verdict{
+			Kind:  expr.VerdictJump,
+			Chain: toChainName,
+		},
+	}
+
+	rule := &nftables.Rule{
+		Table: table,
+		Chain: fromChain,
+		Exprs: exprs,
+	}
+
+	return rule
+}
+
+// addHookRule adds a rule to jump from a hooked chain to a regular chain at top of the hooked chain.
+func addHookRule(conn *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, fromChain *nftables.Chain, toChainName string) error {
+	rule := createHookRule(table, fromChain, toChainName)
+	_ = conn.InsertRule(rule)
+
+	if err := conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush add rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-// DelHooks is defined to satisfy the interface. NfTables does not require
+// AddHooks is adding rules to conventional chains like "FORWARD", "INPUT" and "POSTROUTING"
-// DelHooks, since we don't have any default tables or chains in nftables.
+// in tables and jump from those chains to tailscale chains.
+func (n *nftablesRunner) AddHooks() error {
+	conn := n.conn
+
+	for _, table := range n.getTables() {
+		inputChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Filter, "INPUT")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get INPUT chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		err = addHookRule(conn, table.Filter, inputChain, chainNameInput)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Addhook: %w", err)
+		}
+		forwardChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Filter, "FORWARD")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get FORWARD chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		err = addHookRule(conn, table.Filter, forwardChain, chainNameForward)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Addhook: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, table := range n.getNATTables() {
+		postroutingChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Nat, "POSTROUTING")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get INPUT chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		err = addHookRule(conn, table.Nat, postroutingChain, chainNamePostrouting)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Addhook: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// delHookRule deletes a rule that jumps from a hooked chain to a regular chain.
+func delHookRule(conn *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, fromChain *nftables.Chain, toChainName string) error {
+	rule := createHookRule(table, fromChain, toChainName)
+	existingRule, err := findRule(conn, rule)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to find hook rule: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if existingRule == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	_ = conn.DelRule(existingRule)
+
+	if err := conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("flush del hook rule: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DelHooks is deleting the rules added to conventional chains to jump to tailscale chains.
 func (n *nftablesRunner) DelHooks(logf logger.Logf) error {
+	conn := n.conn
+
+	for _, table := range n.getTables() {
+		inputChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Filter, "INPUT")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get INPUT chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		err = delHookRule(conn, table.Filter, inputChain, chainNameInput)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("delhook: %w", err)
+		}
+		forwardChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Filter, "FORWARD")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get FORWARD chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		err = delHookRule(conn, table.Filter, forwardChain, chainNameForward)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("delhook: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, table := range n.getNATTables() {
+		postroutingChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table.Nat, "POSTROUTING")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get INPUT chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		err = delHookRule(conn, table.Nat, postroutingChain, chainNamePostrouting)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("delhook: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -953,25 +1118,62 @@ func (n *nftablesRunner) DelSNATRule() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// cleanupChain removes a jump rule from hookChainName to tsChainName, and then
+// the entire chain tsChainName. Errors are logged, but attempts to remove both
+// the jump rule and chain continue even if one errors.
+func cleanupChain(logf logger.Logf, conn *nftables.Conn, table *nftables.Table, hookChainName, tsChainName string) {
+	// remove the jump first, before removing the jump destination.
+	defaultChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table, hookChainName)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, errorChainNotFound{table.Name, hookChainName}) {
+		logf("cleanup: did not find default chain: %s", err)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, errorChainNotFound{table.Name, hookChainName}) {
+		// delete hook in convention chain
+		_ = delHookRule(conn, table, defaultChain, tsChainName)
+	}
+
+	tsChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, table, tsChainName)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, errorChainNotFound{table.Name, tsChainName}) {
+		logf("cleanup: did not find ts-chain: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	if tsChain != nil {
+		// flush and delete ts-chain
+		conn.FlushChain(tsChain)
+		conn.DelChain(tsChain)
+		err = conn.Flush()
+		logf("cleanup: delete and flush chain %s: %s", tsChainName, err)
+	}
+}
+
 // NfTablesCleanUp removes all Tailscale added nftables rules.
 // Any errors that occur are logged to the provided logf.
 func NfTablesCleanUp(logf logger.Logf) {
 	conn, err := nftables.New()
 	if err != nil {
-		logf("ERROR: nftables connection: %w", err)
+		logf("cleanup: nftables connection: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	tables, err := conn.ListTables() // both v4 and v6
 	if err != nil {
-		logf("ERROR: list tables: %w", err)
+		logf("cleanup: list tables: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	for _, table := range tables {
+		// These table names were used briefly in 1.48.0.
 		if table.Name == "ts-filter" || table.Name == "ts-nat" {
 			conn.DelTable(table)
 			if err := conn.Flush(); err != nil {
-				logf("ERROR: flush table %s: %w", table.Name, err)
+				logf("cleanup: flush delete table %s: %s", table.Name, err)
 			}
 		}
+
+		if table.Name == "filter" {
+			cleanupChain(logf, conn, table, "INPUT", chainNameInput)
+			cleanupChain(logf, conn, table, "FORWARD", chainNameForward)
+		}
+		if table.Name == "nat" {
+			cleanupChain(logf, conn, table, "POSTROUTING", chainNamePostrouting)
+		}
 	}
 }

util/linuxfw/nftables_runner_test.go

@@ -101,6 +101,48 @@ func newTestConn(t *testing.T, want [][]byte) *nftables.Conn {
 	return conn
 }
 
+func TestInsertHookRule(t *testing.T) {
+	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
+	want := [][]byte{
+		// batch begin
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+		// nft add table ip ts-filter-test
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-filter-test ts-input-test { type filter hook input priority 0 \; }
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x04\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0b\x00\x07\x00\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add chain ip ts-filter-test ts-jumpto
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x0e\x00\x03\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x6a\x75\x6d\x70\x74\x6f\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// nft add rule ip ts-filter-test ts-input-test counter jump ts-jumptp
+		[]byte("\x02\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x66\x69\x6c\x74\x65\x72\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x12\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x69\x6e\x70\x75\x74\x2d\x74\x65\x73\x74\x00\x00\x00\x70\x00\x04\x80\x2c\x00\x01\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x63\x6f\x75\x6e\x74\x65\x72\x00\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x0c\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x00\x01\x80\x0e\x00\x01\x00\x69\x6d\x6d\x65\x64\x69\x61\x74\x65\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x20\x00\x02\x80\x1c\x00\x02\x80\x08\x00\x01\x00\xff\xff\xff\xfd\x0e\x00\x02\x00\x74\x73\x2d\x6a\x75\x6d\x70\x74\x6f\x00\x00\x00"),
+		// batch end
+		[]byte("\x00\x00\x00\x0a"),
+	}
+	testConn := newTestConn(t, want)
+	table := testConn.AddTable(&nftables.Table{
+		Family: proto,
+		Name:   "ts-filter-test",
+	})
+
+	fromchain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:     "ts-input-test",
+		Table:    table,
+		Type:     nftables.ChainTypeFilter,
+		Hooknum:  nftables.ChainHookInput,
+		Priority: nftables.ChainPriorityFilter,
+	})
+
+	tochain := testConn.AddChain(&nftables.Chain{
+		Name:  "ts-jumpto",
+		Table: table,
+	})
+
+	err := addHookRule(testConn, table, fromchain, tochain.Name)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+}
+
 func TestInsertLoopbackRule(t *testing.T) {
 	proto := nftables.TableFamilyIPv4
 	want := [][]byte{
@@ -461,8 +503,8 @@ func TestAddAndDelNetfilterChains(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("list chains failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if len(chainsV4) != 3 {
+	if len(chainsV4) != 6 {
-		t.Fatalf("len(chainsV4) = %d, want 3", len(chainsV4))
+		t.Fatalf("len(chainsV4) = %d, want 6", len(chainsV4))
 	}
 
 	chainsV6, err := conn.ListChainsOfTableFamily(nftables.TableFamilyIPv6)
@@ -470,8 +512,8 @@ func TestAddAndDelNetfilterChains(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("list chains failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if len(chainsV6) != 3 {
+	if len(chainsV6) != 6 {
-		t.Fatalf("len(chainsV6) = %d, want 3", len(chainsV6))
+		t.Fatalf("len(chainsV6) = %d, want 6", len(chainsV6))
 	}
 
 	runner.DelChains()
@@ -788,3 +830,87 @@ func TestNFTAddAndDelLoopbackRule(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("len(inputV4Rules) = %d, want 2", len(inputV4Rules))
 	}
 }
+
+func TestNFTAddAndDelHookRule(t *testing.T) {
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		t.Skip(t.Name(), " requires privileges to create a namespace in order to run")
+		return
+	}
+
+	conn := newSysConn(t)
+	runner := newFakeNftablesRunner(t, conn)
+	runner.AddChains()
+	defer runner.DelChains()
+	runner.AddHooks()
+
+	forwardChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, runner.nft4.Filter, "FORWARD")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get forwardChain: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	forwardChainRules, err := conn.GetRules(forwardChain.Table, forwardChain)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get rules: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(forwardChainRules) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 rule in FORWARD chain, got %v", len(forwardChainRules))
+	}
+
+	inputChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, runner.nft4.Filter, "INPUT")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get inputChain: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	inputChainRules, err := conn.GetRules(inputChain.Table, inputChain)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get rules: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(inputChainRules) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 rule in INPUT chain, got %v", len(inputChainRules))
+	}
+
+	postroutingChain, err := getChainFromTable(conn, runner.nft4.Nat, "POSTROUTING")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get postroutingChain: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	postroutingChainRules, err := conn.GetRules(postroutingChain.Table, postroutingChain)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get rules: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(postroutingChainRules) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 rule in POSTROUTING chain, got %v", len(postroutingChainRules))
+	}
+
+	runner.DelHooks(t.Logf)
+
+	forwardChainRules, err = conn.GetRules(forwardChain.Table, forwardChain)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get rules: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(forwardChainRules) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 0 rule in FORWARD chain, got %v", len(forwardChainRules))
+	}
+
+	inputChainRules, err = conn.GetRules(inputChain.Table, inputChain)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get rules: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(inputChainRules) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 0 rule in INPUT chain, got %v", len(inputChainRules))
+	}
+
+	postroutingChainRules, err = conn.GetRules(postroutingChain.Table, postroutingChain)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get rules: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(postroutingChainRules) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 0 rule in POSTROUTING chain, got %v", len(postroutingChainRules))
+	}
+}