// Copyright (c) Tailscale Inc & AUTHORS // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause //go:build !js // (no raw sockets in JS/WASM) package portmapper import ( "bufio" "bytes" "cmp" "context" "encoding/xml" "fmt" "io" "math/rand" "net" "net/http" "net/netip" "net/url" "slices" "strings" "sync/atomic" "time" "github.com/tailscale/goupnp" "github.com/tailscale/goupnp/dcps/internetgateway2" "github.com/tailscale/goupnp/soap" "tailscale.com/envknob" "tailscale.com/net/netns" "tailscale.com/types/logger" "tailscale.com/util/mak" ) // References: // // WANIP Connection v2: http://upnp.org/specs/gw/UPnP-gw-WANIPConnection-v2-Service.pdf // upnpMapping is a port mapping over the upnp protocol. After being created it is immutable, // but the client field may be shared across mapping instances. type upnpMapping struct { gw netip.Addr external netip.AddrPort internal netip.AddrPort goodUntil time.Time renewAfter time.Time // rootDev is the UPnP root device, and may be reused across different // UPnP mappings. rootDev *goupnp.RootDevice // loc is the location used to fetch the rootDev loc *url.URL // client is the most recent UPnP client used, and should only be used // to release an existing mapping; new mappings should be selected from // the rootDev on each attempt. client upnpClient } // upnpProtocolUDP represents the protocol name for UDP, to be used in the UPnP // message in the field. // // NOTE: this must be an upper-case string, or certain routers will reject the // mapping request. Other implementations like miniupnp send an upper-case // protocol as well. See: // // https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/issues/7377 const upnpProtocolUDP = "UDP" func (u *upnpMapping) MappingType() string { return "upnp" } func (u *upnpMapping) GoodUntil() time.Time { return u.goodUntil } func (u *upnpMapping) RenewAfter() time.Time { return u.renewAfter } func (u *upnpMapping) External() netip.AddrPort { return u.external } func (u *upnpMapping) MappingDebug() string { return fmt.Sprintf("upnpMapping{gw:%v, external:%v, internal:%v, renewAfter:%d, goodUntil:%d, loc:%q}", u.gw, u.external, u.internal, u.renewAfter.Unix(), u.goodUntil.Unix(), u.loc) } func (u *upnpMapping) Release(ctx context.Context) { u.client.DeletePortMapping(ctx, "", u.external.Port(), upnpProtocolUDP) } // upnpClient is an interface over the multiple different clients exported by goupnp, // exposing the functions we need for portmapping. Those clients are auto-generated from XML-specs, // which is why they're not very idiomatic. type upnpClient interface { AddPortMapping( ctx context.Context, // remoteHost is the remote device sending packets to this device, in the format of x.x.x.x. // The empty string, "", means any host out on the internet can send packets in. remoteHost string, // externalPort is the exposed port of this port mapping. Visible during NAT operations. // 0 will let the router select the port, but there is an additional call, // `AddAnyPortMapping`, which is available on 1 of the 3 possible protocols, // which should be used if available. See `addAnyPortMapping` below, which calls this if // `AddAnyPortMapping` is not supported. externalPort uint16, // protocol is whether this is over TCP or UDP. Either "TCP" or "UDP". protocol string, // internalPort is the port that the gateway device forwards the traffic to. internalPort uint16, // internalClient is the IP address that packets will be forwarded to for this mapping. // Internal client is of the form "x.x.x.x". internalClient string, // enabled is whether this portmapping should be enabled or disabled. enabled bool, // portMappingDescription is a user-readable description of this portmapping. portMappingDescription string, // leaseDurationSec is the duration of this portmapping. The value of this argument must be // greater than 0. From the spec, it appears if it is set to 0, it will switch to using // 604800 seconds, but not sure why this is desired. The recommended time is 3600 seconds. leaseDurationSec uint32, ) error DeletePortMapping(ctx context.Context, remoteHost string, externalPort uint16, protocol string) error GetExternalIPAddress(ctx context.Context) (externalIPAddress string, err error) GetStatusInfo(ctx context.Context) (status string, lastConnError string, uptime uint32, err error) } // tsPortMappingDesc gets sent to UPnP clients as a human-readable label for the portmapping. // It is not used for anything other than labelling. const tsPortMappingDesc = "tailscale-portmap" // addAnyPortMapping abstracts over different UPnP client connections, calling // the available AddAnyPortMapping call if available for WAN IP connection v2, // otherwise picking either the previous port (if one is present) or a random // port and trying to obtain a mapping using AddPortMapping. // // It returns the new external port (which may not be identical to the external // port specified), or an error. // // TODO(bradfitz): also returned the actual lease duration obtained. and check it regularly. func addAnyPortMapping( ctx context.Context, upnp upnpClient, externalPort uint16, internalPort uint16, internalClient string, leaseDuration time.Duration, ) (newPort uint16, err error) { // Some devices don't let clients add a port mapping for privileged // ports (ports below 1024). Additionally, per section 2.3.18 of the // UPnP spec, regarding the ExternalPort field: // // If this value is specified as a wildcard (i.e. 0), connection // request on all external ports (that are not otherwise mapped) // will be forwarded to InternalClient. In the wildcard case, the // value(s) of InternalPort on InternalClient are ignored by the IGD // for those connections that are forwarded to InternalClient. // Obviously only one such entry can exist in the NAT at any time // and conflicts are handled with a “first write wins” behavior. // // We obviously do not want to open all ports on the user's device to // the internet, so we want to do this prior to calling either // AddAnyPortMapping or AddPortMapping. // // Pick an external port that's greater than 1024 by getting a random // number in [0, 65535 - 1024] and then adding 1024 to it, shifting the // range to [1024, 65535]. if externalPort < 1024 { externalPort = uint16(rand.Intn(65535-1024) + 1024) } // First off, try using AddAnyPortMapping; if there's a conflict, the // router will pick another port and return it. if upnp, ok := upnp.(*internetgateway2.WANIPConnection2); ok { return upnp.AddAnyPortMapping( ctx, "", externalPort, upnpProtocolUDP, internalPort, internalClient, true, tsPortMappingDesc, uint32(leaseDuration.Seconds()), ) } // Fall back to using AddPortMapping, which requests a mapping to/from // a specific external port. err = upnp.AddPortMapping( ctx, "", externalPort, upnpProtocolUDP, internalPort, internalClient, true, tsPortMappingDesc, uint32(leaseDuration.Seconds()), ) return externalPort, err } // getUPnPRootDevice fetches the UPnP root device given the discovery response, // ignoring the underlying protocol for now. // Adapted from https://github.com/huin/goupnp/blob/master/GUIDE.md. // // The gw is the detected gateway. // // The meta is the most recently parsed UDP discovery packet response // from the Internet Gateway Device. func getUPnPRootDevice(ctx context.Context, logf logger.Logf, debug DebugKnobs, gw netip.Addr, meta uPnPDiscoResponse) (rootDev *goupnp.RootDevice, loc *url.URL, err error) { if debug.DisableUPnP { return nil, nil, nil } if meta.Location == "" { return nil, nil, nil } if debug.VerboseLogs { logf("fetching %v", meta.Location) } u, err := url.Parse(meta.Location) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } ipp, err := netip.ParseAddrPort(u.Host) if err != nil { return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected host %q in %q", u.Host, meta.Location) } if ipp.Addr() != gw { // https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/issues/5502 logf("UPnP discovered root %q does not match gateway IP %v; repointing at gateway which is assumed to be floating", meta.Location, gw) u.Host = net.JoinHostPort(gw.String(), u.Port()) } // We're fetching a smallish XML document over plain HTTP // across the local LAN, without using DNS. There should be // very few round trips and low latency, so one second is a // long time. ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Second) defer cancel() // This part does a network fetch. root, err := goupnp.DeviceByURL(ctx, u) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } return root, u, nil } // selectBestService picks the "best" service from the given UPnP root device // to use to create a port mapping. It may return (nil, nil) if no supported // service was found in the provided *goupnp.RootDevice. // // loc is the parsed location that was used to fetch the given RootDevice. // // The provided ctx is not retained in the returned upnpClient, but // its associated HTTP client is (if set via goupnp.WithHTTPClient). func selectBestService(ctx context.Context, logf logger.Logf, root *goupnp.RootDevice, loc *url.URL) (client upnpClient, err error) { method := "none" defer func() { if client == nil { return } logf("saw UPnP type %v at %v; %v (%v), method=%s", strings.TrimPrefix(fmt.Sprintf("%T", client), "*internetgateway2."), loc, root.Device.FriendlyName, root.Device.Manufacturer, method) }() // First, get all available clients from the device, and append to our // list of possible clients. Order matters here; we want to prefer // WANIPConnection2 over WANIPConnection1 or WANPPPConnection. wanIP2, _ := internetgateway2.NewWANIPConnection2ClientsFromRootDevice(ctx, root, loc) wanIP1, _ := internetgateway2.NewWANIPConnection1ClientsFromRootDevice(ctx, root, loc) wanPPP, _ := internetgateway2.NewWANPPPConnection1ClientsFromRootDevice(ctx, root, loc) var clients []upnpClient for _, v := range wanIP2 { clients = append(clients, v) } for _, v := range wanIP1 { clients = append(clients, v) } for _, v := range wanPPP { clients = append(clients, v) } // If we have no clients, then return right now; if we only have one, // just select and return it. if len(clients) == 0 { return nil, nil } if len(clients) == 1 { method = "single" metricUPnPSelectSingle.Add(1) return clients[0], nil } metricUPnPSelectMultiple.Add(1) // In order to maximize the chances that we find a valid UPnP device // that can give us a port mapping, we check a few properties: // 1. Whether the device is "online", as defined by GetStatusInfo // 2. Whether the device has an external IP address, as defined by // GetExternalIPAddress // 3. Whether the device's external IP address is a public address // or a private one. // // We prefer a device where all of the above is true, and fall back if // none are found. // // In order to save on network requests, iterate through all devices // and determine how many "points" they have based on the above // criteria, but return immediately if we find one that meets all // three. var ( connected = make(map[upnpClient]bool) externalIPs map[upnpClient]netip.Addr ) for _, svc := range clients { isConnected := serviceIsConnected(ctx, logf, svc) connected[svc] = isConnected // Don't bother checking for an external IP if the device isn't // connected; technically this could happen with a misbehaving // device, but that seems unlikely. if !isConnected { continue } // Check if the device has an external IP address. extIP, err := svc.GetExternalIPAddress(ctx) if err != nil { continue } externalIP, err := netip.ParseAddr(extIP) if err != nil { continue } mak.Set(&externalIPs, svc, externalIP) // If we get here, this device has a non-private external IP // and is up, so we can just return it. if !externalIP.IsPrivate() { method = "ext-public" metricUPnPSelectExternalPublic.Add(1) return svc, nil } } // Okay, we have no devices that meet all the available options. Fall // back to first checking for devices that are up and have a private // external IP (order matters), and then devices that are up, and then // just anything at all. // // try=0 Up + private external IP // try=1 Up for try := 0; try <= 1; try++ { for _, svc := range clients { if !connected[svc] { continue } _, hasExtIP := externalIPs[svc] if hasExtIP { method = "ext-private" metricUPnPSelectExternalPrivate.Add(1) return svc, nil } else if try == 1 { method = "up" metricUPnPSelectUp.Add(1) return svc, nil } } } // Nothing is up, but we have something (length of clients checked // above); just return the first one. metricUPnPSelectNone.Add(1) return clients[0], nil } // serviceIsConnected returns whether a given UPnP service is connected, based // on the NewConnectionStatus field returned from GetStatusInfo. func serviceIsConnected(ctx context.Context, logf logger.Logf, svc upnpClient) bool { status, _ /* NewLastConnectionError */, _ /* NewUptime */, err := svc.GetStatusInfo(ctx) if err != nil { return false } return status == "Connected" || status == "Up" } func (c *Client) upnpHTTPClientLocked() *http.Client { if c.uPnPHTTPClient == nil { c.uPnPHTTPClient = &http.Client{ Transport: &http.Transport{ DialContext: netns.NewDialer(c.logf, c.netMon).DialContext, IdleConnTimeout: 2 * time.Second, // LAN is cheap }, } if c.debug.LogHTTP { c.uPnPHTTPClient = requestLogger(c.logf, c.uPnPHTTPClient) } } return c.uPnPHTTPClient } var ( disableUPnpEnv = envknob.RegisterBool("TS_DISABLE_UPNP") ) // getUPnPPortMapping attempts to create a port-mapping over the UPnP protocol. On success, // it will return the externally exposed IP and port. Otherwise, it will return a zeroed IP and // port and an error. func (c *Client) getUPnPPortMapping( ctx context.Context, gw netip.Addr, internal netip.AddrPort, prevPort uint16, ) (external netip.AddrPort, ok bool) { if disableUPnpEnv() || c.debug.DisableUPnP || (c.controlKnobs != nil && c.controlKnobs.DisableUPnP.Load()) { return netip.AddrPort{}, false } now := time.Now() upnp := &upnpMapping{ gw: gw, internal: internal, } // We can have multiple UPnP "meta" values (which correspond to the // UPnP discovery responses received). We want to try all of them when // obtaining a mapping, but also prefer any existing mapping's root // device (if present), since that will allow us to renew an existing // mapping instead of creating a new one. // Start by grabbing the list of metas, any existing mapping, and // creating a HTTP client for use. c.mu.Lock() oldMapping, ok := c.mapping.(*upnpMapping) metas := c.uPnPMetas ctx = goupnp.WithHTTPClient(ctx, c.upnpHTTPClientLocked()) c.mu.Unlock() // Wrapper for a uPnPDiscoResponse with an optional existing root // device + URL (if we've got a previous cached mapping). type step struct { rootDev *goupnp.RootDevice // if nil, use 'meta' loc *url.URL // non-nil if rootDev is non-nil meta uPnPDiscoResponse } var steps []step // Now, if we have an existing mapping, swap that mapping's entry to // the first entry in our "metas" list so we try it first. haveOldMapping := ok && oldMapping != nil if haveOldMapping && oldMapping.rootDev != nil { steps = append(steps, step{rootDev: oldMapping.rootDev, loc: oldMapping.loc}) } // Note: this includes the meta for a previously-cached mapping, in // case the rootDev changes. for _, meta := range metas { steps = append(steps, step{meta: meta}) } // Now, iterate through every meta that we have trying to get an // external IP address. If we succeed, we'll return; if we fail, we // continue this loop. var errs []error for _, step := range steps { var ( rootDev *goupnp.RootDevice loc *url.URL err error ) if step.rootDev != nil { rootDev = step.rootDev loc = step.loc } else { rootDev, loc, err = getUPnPRootDevice(ctx, c.logf, c.debug, gw, step.meta) c.vlogf("getUPnPRootDevice: loc=%q err=%v", loc, err) if err != nil { errs = append(errs, err) continue } } if rootDev == nil { continue } // This actually performs the port mapping operation using this // root device. // // TODO(andrew-d): this can successfully perform a portmap and // return an externalAddrPort that refers to a non-public IP // address if the first selected RootDevice is a device that is // connected to another internal network. This is still better // than randomly flapping between multiple devices, but we // should probably split this up further to try the best // service (one with an external IP) first, instead of // iterating by device. // // This is probably sufficiently unlikely that I'm leaving that // as a follow-up task if it's necessary. externalAddrPort, client, err := c.tryUPnPPortmapWithDevice(ctx, internal, prevPort, rootDev, loc) if err != nil { errs = append(errs, err) continue } // If we get here, we're successful; we can cache this mapping, // update our local port, and then return. // // NOTE: this time might not technically be accurate if we created a // permanent lease above, but we should still re-check the presence of // the lease on a regular basis so we use it anyway. d := time.Duration(pmpMapLifetimeSec) * time.Second upnp.goodUntil = now.Add(d) upnp.renewAfter = now.Add(d / 2) upnp.external = externalAddrPort upnp.rootDev = rootDev upnp.loc = loc upnp.client = client c.mu.Lock() defer c.mu.Unlock() c.mapping = upnp c.localPort = externalAddrPort.Port() return upnp.external, true } // If we get here, we didn't get anything. // TODO(andrew-d): use or log errs? _ = errs return netip.AddrPort{}, false } // tryUPnPPortmapWithDevice attempts to perform a port forward from the given // UPnP device to the 'internal' address. It tries to re-use the previous port, // if a non-zero value is provided, and handles retries and errors about // unsupported features. // // It returns the external address and port that was mapped (i.e. the // address+port that another Tailscale node can use to make a connection to // this one) and the UPnP client that was used to obtain that mapping. func (c *Client) tryUPnPPortmapWithDevice( ctx context.Context, internal netip.AddrPort, prevPort uint16, rootDev *goupnp.RootDevice, loc *url.URL, ) (netip.AddrPort, upnpClient, error) { // Select the best mapping service from the given root device. This // makes network requests, and can vary from mapping to mapping if the // upstream device's connection status changes. client, err := selectBestService(ctx, c.logf, rootDev, loc) if err != nil { return netip.AddrPort{}, nil, err } // If we have no client, we cannot continue; this can happen if we get // a valid UPnP response that does not contain any of the service types // that we know how to use. if client == nil { // For debugging, print all available services that we aren't // using because they're not supported; use c.vlogf so we don't // spam the logs unless verbose debugging is turned on. rootDev.Device.VisitServices(func(s *goupnp.Service) { c.vlogf("unsupported UPnP service: Type=%q ID=%q ControlURL=%q", s.ServiceType, s.ServiceId, s.ControlURL.Str) }) return netip.AddrPort{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("no supported UPnP clients") } // Start by trying to make a temporary lease with a duration. var newPort uint16 newPort, err = addAnyPortMapping( ctx, client, prevPort, internal.Port(), internal.Addr().String(), pmpMapLifetimeSec*time.Second, ) c.vlogf("addAnyPortMapping: %v, err=%q", newPort, err) // If this is an error and the code is // "OnlyPermanentLeasesSupported", then we retry with no lease // duration; see the following issue for details: // https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/issues/9343 if err != nil { code, ok := getUPnPErrorCode(err) if ok { getUPnPErrorsMetric(code).Add(1) } // From the UPnP spec: http://upnp.org/specs/gw/UPnP-gw-WANIPConnection-v2-Service.pdf // 725: OnlyPermanentLeasesSupported if ok && code == 725 { newPort, err = addAnyPortMapping( ctx, client, prevPort, internal.Port(), internal.Addr().String(), 0, // permanent ) c.vlogf("addAnyPortMapping: 725 retry %v, err=%q", newPort, err) } } if err != nil { return netip.AddrPort{}, nil, err } // TODO cache this ip somewhere? extIP, err := client.GetExternalIPAddress(ctx) c.vlogf("client.GetExternalIPAddress: %v, %v", extIP, err) if err != nil { return netip.AddrPort{}, nil, err } externalIP, err := netip.ParseAddr(extIP) if err != nil { return netip.AddrPort{}, nil, err } return netip.AddrPortFrom(externalIP, newPort), client, nil } // processUPnPResponses sorts and deduplicates a list of UPnP discovery // responses, returning the possibly-reduced list. // // It will perform a consistent sort of the provided responses, so if we have // multiple valid UPnP destinations a consistent option will be picked every // time. func processUPnPResponses(metas []uPnPDiscoResponse) []uPnPDiscoResponse { // Sort and compact all responses to remove duplicates; since // we send multiple probes, we often get duplicate responses. slices.SortFunc(metas, func(a, b uPnPDiscoResponse) int { // Sort the USN in reverse, so that // "InternetGatewayDevice:2" sorts before // "InternetGatewayDevice:1". if ii := cmp.Compare(a.USN, b.USN); ii != 0 { return -ii } if ii := cmp.Compare(a.Location, b.Location); ii != 0 { return ii } return cmp.Compare(a.Server, b.Server) }) // We can get multiple responses that point to a single Location, since // we probe for both ssdp:all and InternetGatewayDevice:1 as // independent packets. Compact by comparing the Location and Server, // but not the USN (which contains the device being offered). // // Since the slices are sorted in reverse above, this means that if we // get a discovery response for both InternetGatewayDevice:1 and // InternetGatewayDevice:2, we'll keep the first // (InternetGatewayDevice:2) response, which is what we want. metas = slices.CompactFunc(metas, func(a, b uPnPDiscoResponse) bool { return a.Location == b.Location && a.Server == b.Server }) return metas } // getUPnPErrorCode returns the UPnP error code from the given response, if the // error is a SOAP error in the proper format, and a boolean indicating whether // the provided error was actually a UPnP error. func getUPnPErrorCode(err error) (int, bool) { soapErr, ok := err.(*soap.SOAPFaultError) if !ok { return 0, false } var upnpErr struct { XMLName xml.Name Code int `xml:"errorCode"` Description string `xml:"errorDescription"` } if err := xml.Unmarshal([]byte(soapErr.Detail.Raw), &upnpErr); err != nil { return 0, false } if upnpErr.XMLName.Local != "UPnPError" { return 0, false } return upnpErr.Code, true } type uPnPDiscoResponse struct { Location string // Server describes what version the UPnP is, such as MiniUPnPd/2.x.x Server string // USN is the serial number of the device, which also contains // what kind of UPnP service is being offered, i.e. InternetGatewayDevice:2 USN string } // parseUPnPDiscoResponse parses a UPnP HTTP-over-UDP discovery response. func parseUPnPDiscoResponse(body []byte) (uPnPDiscoResponse, error) { var r uPnPDiscoResponse res, err := http.ReadResponse(bufio.NewReaderSize(bytes.NewReader(body), 128), nil) if err != nil { return r, err } r.Location = res.Header.Get("Location") r.Server = res.Header.Get("Server") r.USN = res.Header.Get("Usn") return r, nil } type roundTripperFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error) func (r roundTripperFunc) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) { return r(req) } func requestLogger(logf logger.Logf, client *http.Client) *http.Client { // Clone the HTTP client, and override the Transport to log to the // provided logger. ret := *client oldTransport := ret.Transport var requestCounter atomic.Uint64 loggingTransport := roundTripperFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) { ctr := requestCounter.Add(1) // Read the body and re-set it. var ( body []byte err error ) if req.Body != nil { body, err = io.ReadAll(req.Body) req.Body.Close() if err != nil { return nil, err } req.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(body)) } logf("request[%d]: %s %q body=%q", ctr, req.Method, req.URL, body) resp, err := oldTransport.RoundTrip(req) if err != nil { logf("response[%d]: err=%v", ctr, err) return nil, err } // Read the response body if resp.Body != nil { body, err = io.ReadAll(resp.Body) resp.Body.Close() if err != nil { logf("response[%d]: %d bodyErr=%v", ctr, resp.StatusCode, err) return nil, err } resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(body)) } logf("response[%d]: %d body=%q", ctr, resp.StatusCode, body) return resp, nil }) ret.Transport = loggingTransport return &ret }