// Copyright (c) Tailscale Inc & AUTHORS
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

// Package monitor provides facilities for monitoring network
// interface and route changes. It primarily exists to know when
// portable devices move between different networks.
package netmon

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"net/netip"
	"runtime"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"tailscale.com/net/interfaces"
	"tailscale.com/types/logger"
	"tailscale.com/util/set"
)

// pollWallTimeInterval is how often we check the time to check
// for big jumps in wall (non-monotonic) time as a backup mechanism
// to get notified of a sleeping device waking back up.
// Usually there are also minor network change events on wake that let
// us check the wall time sooner than this.
const pollWallTimeInterval = 15 * time.Second

// message represents a message returned from an osMon.
type message interface {
	// Ignore is whether we should ignore this message.
	ignore() bool
}

// osMon is the interface that each operating system-specific
// implementation of the link monitor must implement.
type osMon interface {
	Close() error

	// Receive returns a new network interface change message. It
	// should block until there's either something to return, or
	// until the osMon is closed. After a Close, the returned
	// error is ignored.
	Receive() (message, error)

	// IsInterestingInterface reports whether the provided interface should
	// be considered for network change events.
	IsInterestingInterface(iface string) bool
}

// Monitor represents a monitoring instance.
type Monitor struct {
	logf   logger.Logf
	om     osMon // nil means not supported on this platform
	change chan struct{}
	stop   chan struct{} // closed on Stop

	mu         sync.Mutex // guards all following fields
	cbs        set.HandleSet[ChangeFunc]
	ruleDelCB  set.HandleSet[RuleDeleteCallback]
	ifState    *interfaces.State
	gwValid    bool       // whether gw and gwSelfIP are valid
	gw         netip.Addr // our gateway's IP
	gwSelfIP   netip.Addr // our own IP address (that corresponds to gw)
	started    bool
	closed     bool
	goroutines sync.WaitGroup
	wallTimer  *time.Timer // nil until Started; re-armed AfterFunc per tick
	lastWall   time.Time
	timeJumped bool // whether we need to send a changed=true after a big time jump
}

// ChangeFunc is a callback function registered with Monitor that's called when the
// network changed.
type ChangeFunc func(*ChangeDelta)

// ChangeDelta describes the difference between two network states.
type ChangeDelta struct {
	// Old is the old interface state, if known.
	// It's nil if the old state is unknown.
	// Do not mutate it.
	Old *interfaces.State

	// New is the new network state.
	// It is always non-nil.
	// Do not mutate it.
	New *interfaces.State

	// Major is our legacy boolean of whether the network changed in some major
	// way.
	//
	// Deprecated: do not remove. As of 2023-08-23 we're in a renewed effort to
	// remove it and ask specific qustions of ChangeDelta instead. Look at Old
	// and New (or add methods to ChangeDelta) instead of using Major.
	Major bool

	// TimeJumped is whether there was a big jump in wall time since the last
	// time we checked. This is a hint that a mobile sleeping device might have
	// come out of sleep.
	TimeJumped bool

	// TODO(bradfitz): add some lazy cached fields here as needed with methods
	// on *ChangeDelta to let callers ask specific questions
}

// New instantiates and starts a monitoring instance.
// The returned monitor is inactive until it's started by the Start method.
// Use RegisterChangeCallback to get notified of network changes.
func New(logf logger.Logf) (*Monitor, error) {
	logf = logger.WithPrefix(logf, "monitor: ")
	m := &Monitor{
		logf:     logf,
		change:   make(chan struct{}, 1),
		stop:     make(chan struct{}),
		lastWall: wallTime(),
	}
	st, err := m.interfaceStateUncached()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	m.ifState = st

	m.om, err = newOSMon(logf, m)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if m.om == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("newOSMon returned nil, nil")
	}

	return m, nil
}

// InterfaceState returns the latest snapshot of the machine's network
// interfaces.
//
// The returned value is owned by Mon; it must not be modified.
func (m *Monitor) InterfaceState() *interfaces.State {
	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()
	return m.ifState
}

func (m *Monitor) interfaceStateUncached() (*interfaces.State, error) {
	return interfaces.GetState()
}

// GatewayAndSelfIP returns the current network's default gateway, and
// the machine's default IP for that gateway.
//
// It's the same as interfaces.LikelyHomeRouterIP, but it caches the
// result until the monitor detects a network change.
func (m *Monitor) GatewayAndSelfIP() (gw, myIP netip.Addr, ok bool) {
	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()
	if m.gwValid {
		return m.gw, m.gwSelfIP, true
	}
	gw, myIP, ok = interfaces.LikelyHomeRouterIP()
	if ok {
		m.gw, m.gwSelfIP, m.gwValid = gw, myIP, true
	}
	return gw, myIP, ok
}

// RegisterChangeCallback adds callback to the set of parties to be
// notified (in their own goroutine) when the network state changes.
// To remove this callback, call unregister (or close the monitor).
func (m *Monitor) RegisterChangeCallback(callback ChangeFunc) (unregister func()) {
	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()
	handle := m.cbs.Add(callback)
	return func() {
		m.mu.Lock()
		defer m.mu.Unlock()
		delete(m.cbs, handle)
	}
}

// RuleDeleteCallback is a callback when a Linux IP policy routing
// rule is deleted. The table is the table number (52, 253, 354) and
// priority is the priority order number (for Tailscale rules
// currently: 5210, 5230, 5250, 5270)
type RuleDeleteCallback func(table uint8, priority uint32)

// RegisterRuleDeleteCallback adds callback to the set of parties to be
// notified (in their own goroutine) when a Linux ip rule is deleted.
// To remove this callback, call unregister (or close the monitor).
func (m *Monitor) RegisterRuleDeleteCallback(callback RuleDeleteCallback) (unregister func()) {
	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()
	handle := m.ruleDelCB.Add(callback)
	return func() {
		m.mu.Lock()
		defer m.mu.Unlock()
		delete(m.ruleDelCB, handle)
	}
}

// Start starts the monitor.
// A monitor can only be started & closed once.
func (m *Monitor) Start() {
	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()
	if m.started || m.closed {
		return
	}
	m.started = true

	if shouldMonitorTimeJump {
		m.wallTimer = time.AfterFunc(pollWallTimeInterval, m.pollWallTime)
	}

	if m.om == nil {
		return
	}
	m.goroutines.Add(2)
	go m.pump()
	go m.debounce()
}

// Close closes the monitor.
func (m *Monitor) Close() error {
	m.mu.Lock()
	if m.closed {
		m.mu.Unlock()
		return nil
	}
	m.closed = true
	close(m.stop)

	if m.wallTimer != nil {
		m.wallTimer.Stop()
	}

	var err error
	if m.om != nil {
		err = m.om.Close()
	}

	started := m.started
	m.mu.Unlock()

	if started {
		m.goroutines.Wait()
	}
	return err
}

// InjectEvent forces the monitor to pretend there was a network
// change and re-check the state of the network. Any registered
// ChangeFunc callbacks will be called within the event coalescing
// period (under a fraction of a second).
func (m *Monitor) InjectEvent() {
	select {
	case m.change <- struct{}{}:
	default:
		// Another change signal is already
		// buffered. Debounce will wake up soon
		// enough.
	}
}

func (m *Monitor) stopped() bool {
	select {
	case <-m.stop:
		return true
	default:
		return false
	}
}

// pump continuously retrieves messages from the connection, notifying
// the change channel of changes, and stopping when a stop is issued.
func (m *Monitor) pump() {
	defer m.goroutines.Done()
	for !m.stopped() {
		msg, err := m.om.Receive()
		if err != nil {
			if m.stopped() {
				return
			}
			// Keep retrying while we're not closed.
			m.logf("error from link monitor: %v", err)
			time.Sleep(time.Second)
			continue
		}
		if rdm, ok := msg.(ipRuleDeletedMessage); ok {
			m.notifyRuleDeleted(rdm)
			continue
		}
		if msg.ignore() {
			continue
		}
		m.InjectEvent()
	}
}

func (m *Monitor) notifyRuleDeleted(rdm ipRuleDeletedMessage) {
	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()
	for _, cb := range m.ruleDelCB {
		go cb(rdm.table, rdm.priority)
	}
}

// isInterestingInterface reports whether the provided interface should be
// considered when checking for network state changes.
// The ips parameter should be the IPs of the provided interface.
func (m *Monitor) isInterestingInterface(i interfaces.Interface, ips []netip.Prefix) bool {
	return m.om.IsInterestingInterface(i.Name) && interfaces.UseInterestingInterfaces(i, ips)
}

// debounce calls the callback function with a delay between events
// and exits when a stop is issued.
func (m *Monitor) debounce() {
	defer m.goroutines.Done()
	for {
		select {
		case <-m.stop:
			return
		case <-m.change:
		}

		if curState, err := m.interfaceStateUncached(); err != nil {
			m.logf("interfaces.State: %v", err)
		} else {
			m.mu.Lock()

			delta := &ChangeDelta{
				Old: m.ifState,
				New: curState,
			}
			delta.Major = !delta.New.EqualFiltered(delta.Old, m.isInterestingInterface, interfaces.UseInterestingIPs)
			if delta.Major {
				m.gwValid = false
				m.ifState = curState

				if s1, s2 := delta.Old.String(), delta.New.String(); s1 == s2 {
					m.logf("[unexpected] network state changed, but stringification didn't: %v", s1)
					m.logf("[unexpected] old: %s", jsonSummary(delta.Old))
					m.logf("[unexpected] new: %s", jsonSummary(delta.New))
				}
			}
			// See if we have a queued or new time jump signal.
			if shouldMonitorTimeJump && m.checkWallTimeAdvanceLocked() {
				m.resetTimeJumpedLocked()
				delta.TimeJumped = true
				if !delta.Major {
					// Only log if it wasn't an interesting change.
					m.logf("time jumped (probably wake from sleep); synthesizing major change event")
					delta.Major = true
				}
			}
			for _, cb := range m.cbs {
				go cb(delta)
			}
			m.mu.Unlock()
		}

		select {
		case <-m.stop:
			return
		case <-time.After(250 * time.Millisecond):
		}
	}
}

func jsonSummary(x any) any {
	j, err := json.Marshal(x)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return j
}

func wallTime() time.Time {
	// From time package's docs: "The canonical way to strip a
	// monotonic clock reading is to use t = t.Round(0)."
	return time.Now().Round(0)
}

func (m *Monitor) pollWallTime() {
	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()
	if m.closed {
		return
	}
	if m.checkWallTimeAdvanceLocked() {
		m.InjectEvent()
	}
	m.wallTimer.Reset(pollWallTimeInterval)
}

// shouldMonitorTimeJump is whether we keep a regular periodic timer running in
// the background watching for jumps in wall time.
//
// We don't do this on mobile platforms for battery reasons, and because these
// platforms don't really sleep in the same way.
const shouldMonitorTimeJump = runtime.GOOS != "android" && runtime.GOOS != "ios"

// checkWallTimeAdvanceLocked reports whether wall time jumped more than 150% of
// pollWallTimeInterval, indicating we probably just came out of sleep. Once a
// time jump is detected it must be reset by calling resetTimeJumpedLocked.
func (m *Monitor) checkWallTimeAdvanceLocked() bool {
	if !shouldMonitorTimeJump {
		panic("unreachable") // if callers are correct
	}
	now := wallTime()
	if now.Sub(m.lastWall) > pollWallTimeInterval*3/2 {
		m.timeJumped = true // it is reset by debounce.
	}
	m.lastWall = now
	return m.timeJumped
}

// resetTimeJumpedLocked consumes the signal set by checkWallTimeAdvanceLocked.
func (m *Monitor) resetTimeJumpedLocked() {
	m.timeJumped = false
}

type ipRuleDeletedMessage struct {
	table    uint8
	priority uint32
}

func (ipRuleDeletedMessage) ignore() bool { return true }