Merge branch 'main' into remove-stable

2024-12-12 11:04:25 +00:00 · 2024-12-02 09:32:08 +01:00 · 2024-12-02 09:32:08 +01:00 · 64ed2c25e2
commit 64ed2c25e2
parent d74b7b9b1a 001fb9761b
209 changed files with 9311 additions and 3078 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ jobs:
      go_version: "1.22"
      node_version: "18"
      buf_version: "latest"
-      go_lint_version: "v1.55.2"
+      go_lint_version: "v1.62.2"
      core_cache_key: ${{ needs.core.outputs.cache_key }}
      core_cache_path: ${{ needs.core.outputs.cache_path }}

--- a/ADOPTERS.md
+++ b/ADOPTERS.md
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+## Adopters
+
+Sharing experiences and learning from other users is essential. We are frequently asked who is using a particular feature of Zitadel so people can get in touch with other users to share experiences and best practices. People also often want to know if a specific product or platform has integrated Zitadel. While the Zitadel Discord Community allows users to get in touch, it can be challenging to find this information quickly.
+
+The following is a directory of adopters to help identify users of individual features. The users themselves directly maintain the list.
+
+### Adding yourself as a user
+
+If you are using Zitadel, please consider adding yourself as a user with a quick description of your use case by opening a pull request to this file and adding a section describing your usage of Zitadel.
+
+| Organization/Individual | Contact Information                                                  | Description of Usage                            |
+| ----------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
+| Zitadel                 | [@fforootd](https://github.com/fforootd) (and many more)             | Zitadel Cloud makes heavy use of of Zitadel ;-) |
+| Rawkode Academy         | [@RawkodeAcademy](https://github.com/RawkodeAcademy)                 | Rawkode Academy Platform & Zulip use Zitadel for all user and M2M authentication |
+| Organization Name       | contact@example.com                                      | Description of how they use Zitadel             |
+| Individual Name         | contact@example.com                                      | Description of how they use Zitadel             |
--- a/MEETING_SCHEDULE.md
+++ b/MEETING_SCHEDULE.md
@ -3,6 +3,35 @@
 Dear community!
 We're excited to announce bi-weekly office hours.

+## #6 Q&A 
+
+Hey folks!
+
+We’re inviting you to our next open office hours session! C: From leveraging ZITADEL actions to exploring your use cases, join our hosts Silvan & Stefan on Wednesday, November 20, 2024 at 11:00 AM (EST) as they answer your questions about ZITADEL! 
+
+🦒 **What to expect**
+
+An open Q&A session - Share your questions and support others with their inquiries.
+A space to share your thoughts / feedback on the ZITADEL platform
+
+🗒️ **Details**
+
+Target audience: All ZITADEL platform users & community members
+Topic: Q&A Session 
+Date & time: Wednesday, November 20, 2024 at 11:00 AM (EST)
+Duration: ~1 hour 
+Platform: ZITADEL’s Discord stage channel 
+
+Register for this event here ➡️ https://discord.gg/bnuAe2RX?event=1307010383713927230
+
+🗓️ **Add this to your calendar** ➡️ [Google Calendar](https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/r/eventedit?dates=20241120T110000/20241120T110000&details=We%E2%80%99re+inviting+you+to+our+next+open+office+hours+session!+C:+From+leveraging+ZITADEL+actions+to+exploring+your+use+cases,+join+our+hosts+Silvan+%26+Stefan+as+they+answer+your+questions+about+ZITADEL!+%0A%0A**What+to+expect**%0A%0A-+An+open+Q%26A+session+-+Share+your+questions+and+support+others+with+their+inquiries.+%0A-+A+space+to+share+your+thoughts+/+feedback+on+the+ZITADEL+platform+++%0A%0A**Details**+%0A%0A**Target+audience:**+All+ZITADEL+platform+users+%26+community+members%0A**Topic**:+Q%26A+Session+%0A**Date+%26+time**:+Wednesday,+November+20,+2024+11:00+AM%0A**Duration**:+~1+hour+%0A**Platform**:+ZITADEL%E2%80%99s+Discord+stage+channel&location=Discord:+ZITADEL+server,+office+hours&text=Open+Office+Hours)
+
+
+If you have any questions prior to the live session, be sure to share them in the office hours stage chat
+
+Looking forward to seeing you there! Share this with other ZITADEL users & people who might be interested in ZITADEL! It’s appreciated 🫶 
+
+
 ## #5 Q&A

 Dear community,
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -87,6 +87,10 @@ Available data regions are:
 ZITADEL Cloud comes with a free tier, providing you with all the same features as the open-source version.
 Learn more about the [pay-as-you-go pricing](https://zitadel.com/pricing).

+## Adopters
+
+We are grateful to the organizations and individuals who are using ZITADEL. If you are using ZITADEL, please consider adding your name to our [Adopters list](./ADOPTERS.md) by submitting a pull request.
+
 ### Example applications

 Clone one of our [example applications](https://zitadel.com/docs/sdk-examples/introduction) or deploy them directly to Vercel.
--- a/cmd/defaults.yaml
+++ b/cmd/defaults.yaml
--- a/cmd/encryption/encryption_keys.go
+++ b/cmd/encryption/encryption_keys.go
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ var (
 		"smsKey",
 		"smtpKey",
 		"userKey",
+		"targetKey",
 		"csrfCookieKey",
 		"userAgentCookieKey",
 	}
@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ type EncryptionKeyConfig struct {
 	SMS                  *crypto.KeyConfig
 	SMTP                 *crypto.KeyConfig
 	User                 *crypto.KeyConfig
+	Target               *crypto.KeyConfig
 	CSRFCookieKeyID      string
 	UserAgentCookieKeyID string
 }
@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ type EncryptionKeys struct {
 	SMS                crypto.EncryptionAlgorithm
 	SMTP               crypto.EncryptionAlgorithm
 	User               crypto.EncryptionAlgorithm
+	Target             crypto.EncryptionAlgorithm
 	CSRFCookieKey      []byte
 	UserAgentCookieKey []byte
 	OIDCKey            []byte
@ -91,6 +94,10 @@ func EnsureEncryptionKeys(ctx context.Context, keyConfig *EncryptionKeyConfig, k
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	keys.Target, err = crypto.NewAESCrypto(keyConfig.Target, keyStorage)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	key, err = crypto.LoadKey(keyConfig.CSRFCookieKeyID, keyStorage)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
--- a/cmd/mirror/projections.go
+++ b/cmd/mirror/projections.go
@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ func projectionsCmd() *cobra.Command {
 type ProjectionsConfig struct {
 	Destination    database.Config
 	Projections    projection.Config
+	Notifications  handlers.WorkerConfig
 	EncryptionKeys *encryption.EncryptionKeyConfig
 	SystemAPIUsers map[string]*internal_authz.SystemAPIUser
 	Eventstore     *eventstore.Config
@ -144,6 +145,7 @@ func projections(
 		keys.OTP,
 		keys.OIDC,
 		keys.SAML,
+		keys.Target,
 		config.InternalAuthZ.RolePermissionMappings,
 		sessionTokenVerifier,
 		func(q *query.Queries) domain.PermissionCheck {
@ -182,6 +184,7 @@ func projections(
 		keys.DomainVerification,
 		keys.OIDC,
 		keys.SAML,
+		keys.Target,
 		&http.Client{},
 		func(ctx context.Context, permission, orgID, resourceID string) (err error) {
 			return internal_authz.CheckPermission(ctx, authZRepo, config.InternalAuthZ.RolePermissionMappings, permission, orgID, resourceID)
@ -205,6 +208,7 @@ func projections(
 		config.Projections.Customizations["notificationsquotas"],
 		config.Projections.Customizations["backchannel"],
 		config.Projections.Customizations["telemetry"],
+		config.Notifications,
 		*config.Telemetry,
 		config.ExternalDomain,
 		config.ExternalPort,
@ -219,6 +223,7 @@ func projections(
 		keys.SMS,
 		keys.OIDC,
 		config.OIDC.DefaultBackChannelLogoutLifetime,
+		client,
 	)

 	config.Auth.Spooler.Client = client
--- a/cmd/mirror/verify.go
+++ b/cmd/mirror/verify.go
@ -5,13 +5,16 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	_ "embed"
 	"fmt"
+	"slices"

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 	"github.com/zitadel/logging"

+	cryptoDatabase "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/crypto/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database/dialect"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/query/projection"
 )

 func verifyCmd() *cobra.Command {
@ -98,12 +101,22 @@ func getViews(ctx context.Context, dest *database.DB, schema string) (tables []s
 }

 func countEntries(ctx context.Context, client *database.DB, table string) (count int) {
+	instanceClause := instanceClause()
+	noInstanceIDColumn := []string{
+		projection.InstanceProjectionTable,
+		projection.SystemFeatureTable,
+		cryptoDatabase.EncryptionKeysTable,
+	}
+	if slices.Contains(noInstanceIDColumn, table) {
+		instanceClause = ""
+	}
+
 	err := client.QueryRowContext(
 		ctx,
 		func(r *sql.Row) error {
 			return r.Scan(&count)
 		},
-		fmt.Sprintf("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s %s", table, instanceClause()),
+		fmt.Sprintf("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s %s", table, instanceClause),
 	)
 	logging.WithFields("table", table, "db", client.DatabaseName()).OnError(err).Error("unable to count")

--- a/cmd/setup/03.go
+++ b/cmd/setup/03.go
@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ func (mig *FirstInstance) Execute(ctx context.Context, _ eventstore.Event) error
 		nil,
 		nil,
 		nil,
+		nil,
 		0,
 		0,
 		0,
--- a/cmd/setup/36.go
+++ b/cmd/setup/36.go
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ var (
 	getProjectedMilestones string
 )

-type FillV2Milestones struct {
+type FillV3Milestones struct {
 	dbClient   *database.DB
 	eventstore *eventstore.Eventstore
 }
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ type instanceMilestone struct {
 	Pushed  *time.Time
 }

-func (mig *FillV2Milestones) Execute(ctx context.Context, _ eventstore.Event) error {
+func (mig *FillV3Milestones) Execute(ctx context.Context, _ eventstore.Event) error {
 	im, err := mig.getProjectedMilestones(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func (mig *FillV2Milestones) Execute(ctx context.Context, _ eventstore.Event) er
 	return mig.pushEventsByInstance(ctx, im)
 }

-func (mig *FillV2Milestones) getProjectedMilestones(ctx context.Context) (map[string][]instanceMilestone, error) {
+func (mig *FillV3Milestones) getProjectedMilestones(ctx context.Context) (map[string][]instanceMilestone, error) {
 	type row struct {
 		InstanceID string
 		Type       milestone.Type
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func (mig *FillV2Milestones) getProjectedMilestones(ctx context.Context) (map[st

 // pushEventsByInstance creates the v2 milestone events by instance.
 // This prevents we will try to push 6*N(instance) events in one push.
-func (mig *FillV2Milestones) pushEventsByInstance(ctx context.Context, milestoneMap map[string][]instanceMilestone) error {
+func (mig *FillV3Milestones) pushEventsByInstance(ctx context.Context, milestoneMap map[string][]instanceMilestone) error {
 	// keep a deterministic order by instance ID.
 	order := make([]string, 0, len(milestoneMap))
 	for k := range milestoneMap {
@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ func (mig *FillV2Milestones) pushEventsByInstance(ctx context.Context, milestone
 	}
 	slices.Sort(order)

-	for _, instanceID := range order {
-		logging.WithFields("instance_id", instanceID, "migration", mig.String()).Info("filter existing milestone events")
+	for i, instanceID := range order {
+		logging.WithFields("instance_id", instanceID, "migration", mig.String(), "progress", fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", i+1, len(order))).Info("filter existing milestone events")

 		// because each Push runs in a separate TX, we need to make sure that events
 		// from a partially executed migration are pushed again.
@ -113,6 +113,6 @@ func (mig *FillV2Milestones) pushEventsByInstance(ctx context.Context, milestone
 	return nil
 }

-func (mig *FillV2Milestones) String() string {
-	return "36_fill_v2_milestones"
+func (mig *FillV3Milestones) String() string {
+	return "36_fill_v3_milestones"
 }
--- a/cmd/setup/39.go
+++ b/cmd/setup/39.go
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package setup
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	_ "embed"
+
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
+)
+
+var (
+	//go:embed 39.sql
+	deleteStaleOrgFields string
+)
+
+type DeleteStaleOrgFields struct {
+	dbClient *database.DB
+}
+
+func (mig *DeleteStaleOrgFields) Execute(ctx context.Context, _ eventstore.Event) error {
+	_, err := mig.dbClient.ExecContext(ctx, deleteStaleOrgFields)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (mig *DeleteStaleOrgFields) String() string {
+	return "39_delete_stale_org_fields"
+}
--- a/cmd/setup/39.sql
+++ b/cmd/setup/39.sql
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+DELETE FROM eventstore.fields
+WHERE aggregate_type = 'org'
+AND aggregate_id NOT IN (
+	SELECT id
+	FROM projections.orgs1
+);
--- a/cmd/setup/config.go
+++ b/cmd/setup/config.go
@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	DefaultInstance command.InstanceSetup
 	Machine         *id.Config
 	Projections     projection.Config
+	Notifications   handlers.WorkerConfig
 	Eventstore      *eventstore.Config

 	InitProjections InitProjections
@ -122,9 +123,10 @@ type Steps struct {
 	s33SMSConfigs3TwilioAddVerifyServiceSid *SMSConfigs3TwilioAddVerifyServiceSid
 	s34AddCacheSchema                       *AddCacheSchema
 	s35AddPositionToIndexEsWm               *AddPositionToIndexEsWm
-	s36FillV2Milestones                     *FillV2Milestones
+	s36FillV2Milestones                     *FillV3Milestones
 	s37Apps7OIDConfigsBackChannelLogoutURI  *Apps7OIDConfigsBackChannelLogoutURI
 	s38BackChannelLogoutNotificationStart   *BackChannelLogoutNotificationStart
+	s39DeleteStaleOrgFields                 *DeleteStaleOrgFields
 }

 func MustNewSteps(v *viper.Viper) *Steps {
--- a/cmd/setup/config_change.go
+++ b/cmd/setup/config_change.go
@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ func (mig *externalConfigChange) Execute(ctx context.Context, _ eventstore.Event
 		nil,
 		nil,
 		nil,
+		nil,
 		0,
 		0,
 		0,
--- a/cmd/setup/setup.go
+++ b/cmd/setup/setup.go
@ -166,9 +166,10 @@ func Setup(ctx context.Context, config *Config, steps *Steps, masterKey string)
 	steps.s33SMSConfigs3TwilioAddVerifyServiceSid = &SMSConfigs3TwilioAddVerifyServiceSid{dbClient: esPusherDBClient}
 	steps.s34AddCacheSchema = &AddCacheSchema{dbClient: queryDBClient}
 	steps.s35AddPositionToIndexEsWm = &AddPositionToIndexEsWm{dbClient: esPusherDBClient}
-	steps.s36FillV2Milestones = &FillV2Milestones{dbClient: queryDBClient, eventstore: eventstoreClient}
+	steps.s36FillV2Milestones = &FillV3Milestones{dbClient: queryDBClient, eventstore: eventstoreClient}
 	steps.s37Apps7OIDConfigsBackChannelLogoutURI = &Apps7OIDConfigsBackChannelLogoutURI{dbClient: esPusherDBClient}
 	steps.s38BackChannelLogoutNotificationStart = &BackChannelLogoutNotificationStart{dbClient: esPusherDBClient, esClient: eventstoreClient}
+	steps.s39DeleteStaleOrgFields = &DeleteStaleOrgFields{dbClient: esPusherDBClient}

 	err = projection.Create(ctx, projectionDBClient, eventstoreClient, config.Projections, nil, nil, nil)
 	logging.OnError(err).Fatal("unable to start projections")
@ -232,6 +233,7 @@ func Setup(ctx context.Context, config *Config, steps *Steps, masterKey string)
 		steps.s32AddAuthSessionID,
 		steps.s33SMSConfigs3TwilioAddVerifyServiceSid,
 		steps.s37Apps7OIDConfigsBackChannelLogoutURI,
+		steps.s39DeleteStaleOrgFields,
 	} {
 		mustExecuteMigration(ctx, eventstoreClient, step, "migration failed")
 	}
@ -364,6 +366,7 @@ func initProjections(
 		keys.OTP,
 		keys.OIDC,
 		keys.SAML,
+		keys.Target,
 		config.InternalAuthZ.RolePermissionMappings,
 		sessionTokenVerifier,
 		func(q *query.Queries) domain.PermissionCheck {
@ -420,6 +423,7 @@ func initProjections(
 		keys.DomainVerification,
 		keys.OIDC,
 		keys.SAML,
+		keys.Target,
 		&http.Client{},
 		permissionCheck,
 		sessionTokenVerifier,
@ -435,6 +439,7 @@ func initProjections(
 		config.Projections.Customizations["notificationsquotas"],
 		config.Projections.Customizations["backchannel"],
 		config.Projections.Customizations["telemetry"],
+		config.Notifications,
 		*config.Telemetry,
 		config.ExternalDomain,
 		config.ExternalPort,
@ -449,6 +454,7 @@ func initProjections(
 		keys.SMS,
 		keys.OIDC,
 		config.OIDC.DefaultBackChannelLogoutLifetime,
+		queryDBClient,
 	)
 	for _, p := range notify_handler.Projections() {
 		err := migration.Migrate(ctx, eventstoreClient, p)
--- a/cmd/start/config.go
+++ b/cmd/start/config.go
@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	Metrics             metrics.Config
 	Profiler            profiler.Config
 	Projections         projection.Config
+	Notifications       handlers.WorkerConfig
 	Auth                auth_es.Config
 	Admin               admin_es.Config
 	UserAgentCookie     *middleware.UserAgentCookieConfig
--- a/cmd/start/start.go
+++ b/cmd/start/start.go
@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ func startZitadel(ctx context.Context, config *Config, masterKey string, server
 		keys.OTP,
 		keys.OIDC,
 		keys.SAML,
+		keys.Target,
 		config.InternalAuthZ.RolePermissionMappings,
 		sessionTokenVerifier,
 		func(q *query.Queries) domain.PermissionCheck {
@ -245,6 +246,7 @@ func startZitadel(ctx context.Context, config *Config, masterKey string, server
 		keys.DomainVerification,
 		keys.OIDC,
 		keys.SAML,
+		keys.Target,
 		&http.Client{},
 		permissionCheck,
 		sessionTokenVerifier,
@ -277,6 +279,7 @@ func startZitadel(ctx context.Context, config *Config, masterKey string, server
 		config.Projections.Customizations["notificationsquotas"],
 		config.Projections.Customizations["backchannel"],
 		config.Projections.Customizations["telemetry"],
+		config.Notifications,
 		*config.Telemetry,
 		config.ExternalDomain,
 		config.ExternalPort,
@ -291,6 +294,7 @@ func startZitadel(ctx context.Context, config *Config, masterKey string, server
 		keys.SMS,
 		keys.OIDC,
 		config.OIDC.DefaultBackChannelLogoutLifetime,
+		queryDBClient,
 	)
 	notification.Start(ctx)

--- a/console/src/app/modules/paginator/paginator.component.html
+++ b/console/src/app/modules/paginator/paginator.component.html
@ -8,12 +8,10 @@
    </p>
  </div>
  <span class="fill-space"></span>
-  <span class="pos cnsl-secondary-text" *ngIf="!hidePagination"
-    >{{ pageIndex * pageSize }} - {{ pageIndex * pageSize + pageSize }}
-  </span>
+  <span class="pos cnsl-secondary-text" *ngIf="!hidePagination">{{ startIndex }} - {{ endIndex }} </span>
  <div class="row" *ngIf="!hidePagination">
    <cnsl-form-field class="size">
-      <mat-select class="paginator-select" [(ngModel)]="pageSize" (selectionChange)="emitChange()">
+      <mat-select class="paginator-select" [value]="pageSize" (selectionChange)="updatePageSize($event.value)">
        <mat-option *ngFor="let sizeOption of pageSizeOptions" [value]="sizeOption">
          {{ sizeOption }}
        </mat-option>
--- a/console/src/app/modules/paginator/paginator.component.ts
+++ b/console/src/app/modules/paginator/paginator.component.ts
@ -50,6 +50,15 @@ export class PaginatorComponent {
    return temp <= this.length / this.pageSize;
  }

+  get startIndex(): number {
+    return this.pageIndex * this.pageSize;
+  }
+
+  get endIndex(): number {
+    const max = this.startIndex + this.pageSize;
+    return this.length < max ? this.length : max;
+  }
+
  public emitChange(): void {
    this.page.emit({
      length: this.length,
@ -58,4 +67,10 @@ export class PaginatorComponent {
      pageSizeOptions: this.pageSizeOptions,
    });
  }
+
+  public updatePageSize(newSize: number): void {
+    this.pageSize = newSize;
+    this.pageIndex = 0;
+    this.emitChange();
+  }
 }
--- a/console/src/app/modules/project-role-detail-dialog/project-role-detail-dialog.component.ts
+++ b/console/src/app/modules/project-role-detail-dialog/project-role-detail-dialog.component.ts
@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ export class ProjectRoleDetailDialogComponent {
  }

  submitForm(): void {
-    if (this.formGroup.valid && this.key?.value && this.group?.value && this.displayName?.value) {
+    if (this.formGroup.valid && this.key?.value && this.displayName?.value) {
      this.mgmtService
-        .updateProjectRole(this.projectId, this.key.value, this.displayName.value, this.group.value)
+        .updateProjectRole(this.projectId, this.key.value, this.displayName.value, this.group?.value)
        .then(() => {
          this.toast.showInfo('PROJECT.TOAST.ROLECHANGED', true);
          this.dialogRef.close(true);
--- a/console/src/app/modules/project-roles-table/project-roles-table.component.html
+++ b/console/src/app/modules/project-roles-table/project-roles-table.component.html
@ -35,8 +35,8 @@
              [disabled]="disabled"
              color="primary"
              (change)="$event ? masterToggle() : null"
-              [checked]="selection.hasValue() && isAllSelected()"
-              [indeterminate]="selection.hasValue() && !isAllSelected()"
+              [checked]="isAnySelected() && isAllSelected()"
+              [indeterminate]="isAnySelected() && !isAllSelected()"
            >
            </mat-checkbox>
          </div>
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
            class="role state"
            [ngClass]="{ 'no-selection': !selectionAllowed }"
            *ngIf="role.group"
-            (click)="selectionAllowed ? selectAllOfGroup(role.group) : openDetailDialog(role)"
+            (click)="selectionAllowed ? groupMasterToggle(role.group) : openDetailDialog(role)"
            [matTooltip]="selectionAllowed ? ('PROJECT.ROLE.SELECTGROUPTOOLTIP' | translate: role) : null"
            >{{ role.group }}</span
          >
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
    #paginator
    [timestamp]="dataSource.viewTimestamp"
    [length]="dataSource.totalResult"
-    [pageSize]="50"
+    [pageSize]="INITIAL_PAGE_SIZE"
    (page)="changePage()"
    [pageSizeOptions]="[25, 50, 100, 250]"
  >
--- a/console/src/app/modules/project-roles-table/project-roles-table.component.ts
+++ b/console/src/app/modules/project-roles-table/project-roles-table.component.ts
@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import { ProjectRolesDataSource } from './project-roles-table-datasource';
  styleUrls: ['./project-roles-table.component.scss'],
 })
 export class ProjectRolesTableComponent implements OnInit {
+  public INITIAL_PAGE_SIZE: number = 50;
  @Input() public projectId: string = '';
  @Input() public grantId: string = '';
  @Input() public disabled: boolean = false;
@ -43,41 +44,58 @@ export class ProjectRolesTableComponent implements OnInit {
  }

  public ngOnInit(): void {
-    this.dataSource.loadRoles(this.projectId, this.grantId, 0, 25, 'asc');
-
-    this.dataSource.rolesSubject.subscribe((roles) => {
-      const selectedRoles: Role.AsObject[] = roles.filter((role) => this.selectedKeys.includes(role.key));
-      this.selection.select(...selectedRoles.map((r) => r.key));
-    });
+    this.loadRolesPage();
+    this.selection.select(...this.selectedKeys);

    this.selection.changed.subscribe(() => {
      this.changedSelection.emit(this.selection.selected);
    });
  }

-  public selectAllOfGroup(group: string): void {
-    const groupRoles: Role.AsObject[] = this.dataSource.rolesSubject.getValue().filter((role) => role.group === group);
-    this.selection.select(...groupRoles.map((r) => r.key));
-  }
-
  private loadRolesPage(): void {
-    this.dataSource.loadRoles(this.projectId, this.grantId, this.paginator?.pageIndex ?? 0, this.paginator?.pageSize ?? 25);
+    this.dataSource.loadRoles(
+      this.projectId,
+      this.grantId,
+      this.paginator?.pageIndex ?? 0,
+      this.paginator?.pageSize ?? this.INITIAL_PAGE_SIZE,
+    );
  }

  public changePage(): void {
    this.loadRolesPage();
  }

-  public isAllSelected(): boolean {
-    const numSelected = this.selection.selected.length;
-    const numRows = this.dataSource.totalResult;
-    return numSelected === numRows;
+  private listIsAllSelected(list: string[]): boolean {
+    return list.findIndex((key) => !this.selection.isSelected(key)) == -1;
+  }
+
+  private listIsAnySelected(list: string[]): boolean {
+    return list.findIndex((key) => this.selection.isSelected(key)) != -1;
+  }
+
+  private listMasterToggle(list: string[]): void {
+    if (this.listIsAllSelected(list)) this.selection.deselect(...list);
+    else this.selection.select(...list);
+  }
+
+  private compilePageKeys(): string[] {
+    return this.dataSource.rolesSubject.value.map((role) => role.key);
  }

  public masterToggle(): void {
-    this.isAllSelected()
-      ? this.selection.clear()
-      : this.dataSource.rolesSubject.value.forEach((row: Role.AsObject) => this.selection.select(row.key));
+    this.listMasterToggle(this.compilePageKeys());
+  }
+
+  public isAllSelected(): boolean {
+    return this.listIsAllSelected(this.compilePageKeys());
+  }
+
+  public isAnySelected(): boolean {
+    return this.listIsAnySelected(this.compilePageKeys());
+  }
+
+  public groupMasterToggle(group: string): void {
+    this.listMasterToggle(this.dataSource.rolesSubject.value.filter((role) => role.group == group).map((role) => role.key));
  }

  public deleteRole(role: Role.AsObject): void {
@ -93,45 +111,28 @@ export class ProjectRolesTableComponent implements OnInit {

    dialogRef.afterClosed().subscribe((resp) => {
      if (resp) {
-        const index = this.dataSource.rolesSubject.value.findIndex((iter) => iter.key === role.key);
-
        this.mgmtService.removeProjectRole(this.projectId, role.key).then(() => {
          this.toast.showInfo('PROJECT.TOAST.ROLEREMOVED', true);
-
-          if (index > -1) {
-            this.dataSource.rolesSubject.value.splice(index, 1);
-            this.dataSource.rolesSubject.next(this.dataSource.rolesSubject.value);
-          }
+          this.loadRolesPage();
        });
      }
    });
  }

-  public removeRole(role: Role.AsObject, index: number): void {
-    this.mgmtService
-      .removeProjectRole(this.projectId, role.key)
-      .then(() => {
-        this.toast.showInfo('PROJECT.TOAST.ROLEREMOVED', true);
-        this.dataSource.rolesSubject.value.splice(index, 1);
-        this.dataSource.rolesSubject.next(this.dataSource.rolesSubject.value);
-      })
-      .catch((error) => {
-        this.toast.showError(error);
-      });
-  }
-
  public openDetailDialog(role: Role.AsObject): void {
-    this.dialog.open(ProjectRoleDetailDialogComponent, {
+    const dialogRef = this.dialog.open(ProjectRoleDetailDialogComponent, {
      data: {
        role,
        projectId: this.projectId,
      },
      width: '400px',
    });
+
+    dialogRef.afterClosed().subscribe(() => this.loadRolesPage());
  }

  public refreshPage(): void {
-    this.dataSource.loadRoles(this.projectId, this.grantId, this.paginator?.pageIndex ?? 0, this.paginator?.pageSize ?? 25);
+    this.loadRolesPage();
  }

  public get selectionAllowed(): boolean {
--- a/console/yarn.lock
+++ b/console/yarn.lock
@ -4537,9 +4537,9 @@ critters@0.0.20:
    pretty-bytes "^5.3.0"

 cross-spawn@^7.0.0, cross-spawn@^7.0.2, cross-spawn@^7.0.3:
-  version "7.0.3"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-7.0.3.tgz#f73a85b9d5d41d045551c177e2882d4ac85728a6"
-  integrity sha512-iRDPJKUPVEND7dHPO8rkbOnPpyDygcDFtWjpeWNCgy8WP2rXcxXL8TskReQl6OrB2G7+UJrags1q15Fudc7G6w==
+  version "7.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-7.0.6.tgz#8a58fe78f00dcd70c370451759dfbfaf03e8ee9f"
+  integrity sha512-uV2QOWP2nWzsy2aMp8aRibhi9dlzF5Hgh5SHaB9OiTGEyDTiJJyx0uy51QXdyWbtAHNua4XJzUKca3OzKUd3vA==
  dependencies:
    path-key "^3.1.0"
    shebang-command "^2.0.0"
@ -6042,9 +6042,9 @@ http-proxy-agent@^5.0.0:
    debug "4"

 http-proxy-middleware@^2.0.3:
-  version "2.0.6"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-proxy-middleware/-/http-proxy-middleware-2.0.6.tgz#e1a4dd6979572c7ab5a4e4b55095d1f32a74963f"
-  integrity sha512-ya/UeJ6HVBYxrgYotAZo1KvPWlgB48kUJLDePFeneHsVujFaW5WNj2NgWCAE//B1Dl02BIfYlpNgBy8Kf8Rjmw==
+  version "2.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-proxy-middleware/-/http-proxy-middleware-2.0.7.tgz#915f236d92ae98ef48278a95dedf17e991936ec6"
+  integrity sha512-fgVY8AV7qU7z/MmXJ/rxwbrtQH4jBQ9m7kp3llF0liB7glmFeVZFBepQb32T3y8n8k2+AEYuMPCpinYW+/CuRA==
  dependencies:
    "@types/http-proxy" "^1.17.8"
    http-proxy "^1.18.1"
--- a/docs/docs/apis/actions/v3/testing-locally.md
+++ b/docs/docs/apis/actions/v3/testing-locally.md
@ -48,6 +48,20 @@ func main() {

 What happens here is only a target which prints out the received request, which could also be handled with a different logic.

+### Check Signature
+
+To additionally check the signature header you can add the following to the example:
+```go
+	// validate signature
+	if err := actions.ValidatePayload(sentBody, req.Header.Get(actions.SigningHeader), signingKey); err != nil {
+		// if the signed content is not equal the sent content return an error
+		http.Error(w, "error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		return
+	}
+```
+
+Where you can replace 'signingKey' with the key received in the next step 'Create target'.
+
 ## Create target

 As you see in the example above the target is created with HTTP and port '8090' and if we want to use it as webhook, the target can be created as follows:
--- a/docs/docs/apis/actions/v3/usage.md
+++ b/docs/docs/apis/actions/v3/usage.md
@ -64,6 +64,13 @@ There are different types of Targets:

 The API documentation to create a target can be found [here](/apis/resources/action_service_v3/zitadel-actions-create-target)

+### Content Signing
+
+To ensure the integrity of request content, each call includes a 'ZITADEL-Signature' in the headers. This header contains an HMAC value computed from the request content and a timestamp, which can be used to time out requests. The logic for this process is provided in 'pkg/actions/signing.go'. The goal is to verify that the HMAC value in the header matches the HMAC value computed by the Target, ensuring that the sent and received requests are identical.
+
+Each Target resource now contains also a Signing Key, which gets generated and returned when a Target is [created](/apis/resources/action_service_v3/zitadel-actions-create-target),
+and can also be newly generated when a Target is [patched](/apis/resources/action_service_v3/zitadel-actions-patch-target).
+
 ## Execution

 ZITADEL decides on specific conditions if one or more Targets have to be called.
--- a/docs/docs/apis/benchmarks/_template.mdx
+++ b/docs/docs/apis/benchmarks/_template.mdx
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<!--
+query data from output.csv:
+
+Note: you might need to adjust the WHERE clause to only filter the required trends and the current placeholders
+Warning: it's currently only possible to show data of one endpoint
+
+```
+copy (SELECT
+      metric_name
+      , to_timestamp(timestamp::DOUBLE) as timestamp
+      , approx_quantile(metric_value, 0.50) AS p50
+      , approx_quantile(metric_value, 0.95) AS p95
+      , approx_quantile(metric_value, 0.99) AS p99
+  FROM 
+      read_csv('/path/to/k6-output.csv', auto_detect=false, delim=',', quote='"', escape='"', new_line='\n', skip=0, comment='', header=true, columns={'metric_name': 'VARCHAR', 'timestamp': 'BIGINT', 'metric_value': 'DOUBLE', 'check': 'VARCHAR', 'error': 'VARCHAR', 'error_code': 'VARCHAR', 'expected_response': 'BOOLEAN', 'group': 'VARCHAR', 'method': 'VARCHAR', 'name': 'VARCHAR', 'proto': 'VARCHAR', 'scenario': 'VARCHAR', 'service': 'VARCHAR', 'status': 'BIGINT', 'subproto': 'VARCHAR', 'tls_version': 'VARCHAR', 'url': 'VARCHAR', 'extra_tags': 'VARCHAR', 'metadata': 'VARCHAR'})
+  WHERE
+      metric_name LIKE '%_duration'
+  GROUP BY
+      metric_name
+      , timestamp
+  ORDER BY
+      metric_name
+      , timestamp
+  ) to 'output.json' (ARRAY);
+```
+
+-->
+
+## Summary
+
+TODO: describe the outcome of the test?
+
+## Performance test results
+
+| Metric                                | Value |
+|-:-------------------------------------|-:-----|
+| Baseline                              | none  |
+| Purpose                               |       |
+| Test start                            | UTC |
+| Test duration                         | 30min |
+| Executed test                         |       |
+| k6 version                            |       |
+| VUs                                   |       |
+| Client location                       |       |
+| Client machine specification          | vCPU: <br/> memory: Gb |
+| ZITADEL location                      |       |
+| ZITADEL container specification       | vCPU: <br/> Memory: Gb <br/>Container count: |
+| ZITADEL Version                       |       |
+| ZITADEL Configuration                 |       |
+| ZITADEL feature flags                 |       |
+| Database                              | type: crdb / psql<br />version: |
+| Database location                     |       |
+| Database specification                | vCPU: <br/> memory: Gb |
+| ZITADEL metrics during test           |       |
+| Observed errors                       |       |
+| Top 3 most expensive database queries |       |
+| Database metrics during test          |       |
+| k6 Iterations per second              |       |
+| k6 overview                           |       |
+| k6 output                             |       |
+| flowchart outcome                     |       |
+
+
+## Endpoint latencies
+
+import OutputSource from "!!raw-loader!./output.json";
+
+import { BenchmarkChart } from '/src/components/benchmark_chart';
+
+<BenchmarkChart testResults={OutputSource} />
+
+## k6 output {#k6-output}
+
+```bash
+TODO: add summary of k6
+```
+
--- a/docs/docs/apis/benchmarks/index.mdx
+++ b/docs/docs/apis/benchmarks/index.mdx
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+---
+title: Benchmarks
+sidebar_label: Benchmarks
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+Benchmarks are crucial to understand if ZITADEL fulfills your expected workload and what resources it needs to do so.
+
+This document explains the process and goals of load-testing zitadel in a cloud environment.
+
+The results can be found on sub pages.
+
+## Goals
+
+The primary goal is to assess if ZITADEL can scale to required proportion. The goals might change over time and maturity of ZITADEL. At the moment the goal is to assess how the application’s performance scales. There are some concrete goals we have to meet:
+
+1. [https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/8352](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/8352) defines 1000 JWT profile auth/sec  
+2. [https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/4424](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/4424) defines 1200 logins / sec.
+
+## Procedure
+
+First we determine the “target” of our load-test. The target is expressed as a make recipe in the load-test [Makefile](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/blob/main/load-test/Makefile). See also the load-test [readme](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/blob/main/load-test/README.md) on how to configure and run load-tests.  
+A target should be tested for longer periods of time, as it might take time for certain metrics to show up. For example, cloud SQL samples query insights. A runtime of at least **30 minutes** is advised at the moment.
+
+After each iteration of load-test, we should consult the [After test procedure](#after-test-procedure) to conclude an outcome:
+
+1. Scale  
+2. Log potential issuer and scale  
+3. Terminate testing and resolve issues
+
+
+## Methodology
+
+### Benchmark definition
+
+Tests are implemented in the ecosystem of [k6](https://k6.io). The tests are publicly available in the [zitadel repository](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/tree/main/load-test). Custom extensions of k6 are implemented in the [xk6-modules repository](https://github.com/zitadel/xk6-modules).  
+The tests must at least measure the request duration for each API call. This gives an indication on how zitadel behaves over the duration of the load test.
+
+### Metrics
+
+The following metrics must be collected for each test iteration. The metrics are used to follow the decision path of the [After test procedure](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WVr7aA8dGgV1zd2jUg1y1h_o37mkZF2O6M5Mhafn_NM):
+
+| Metric | Type | Description | Unit |
+| :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- |
+| Baseline | Comparison | Defines the baseline the test is compared against. If not specified the baseline defined in this document is used. | Link to test result |
+| Purpose | Description | Description what should been proved with this test run | text
+| Test start | Setup | Timestamp when the test started. This is useful for gathering additional data like metrics or logs later | Date |
+| Test duration | Setup | Duration of the test | Duration |
+| Executed test | Setup | Name of the make recipe executed. Further information about specific test cases can be found [here](?tab=t.0#heading=h.xav4f3s5r2f3). | Name of the make recipe |
+| k6 version | Setup | Version of the test client (k6) used | semantic version |
+| VUs | Setup | Virtual Users which execute the test scenario in parallel | Number |
+| Client location | Setup | Region or location of the machine which executed the test client. If not further specified the hoster is Google Cloud | Location / Region |
+| Client machine specification | Setup | Definition of the client machine the test client ran on. The resources of the machine could be maxed out during tests therefore we collect this metric as well. The description must at least clarify the following metrics: vCPU Memory egress bandwidth | **vCPU**: Amount of threads ([additional info](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/cpu-platforms)) **memory**: GB **egress bandwidth**:Gbps  |
+| ZITADEL location | Setup | Region or location of the deployment of zitadel. If not further specified the hoster is Google Cloud | Location / Region |
+| ZITADEL container specification | Setup | As ZITADEL is mainly run in cloud environments it should also be run as a container during the load tests. The description must at least clarify the following metrics: vCPU Memory egress bandwidth Scale | **vCPU**: Amount of threads ([additional info](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/cpu-platforms)) **memory**: GB **egress bandwidth**:Gbps **scale**: The amount of containers running during the test. The amount must not vary during the tests |
+| ZITADEL Version | Setup | The version of zitadel deployed | Semantic version or commit  |
+| ZITADEL Configuration | Setup | Configuration of zitadel which deviates from the defaults and is not secret | yaml |
+| ZITADEL feature flags | Setup | Changed feature flags | yaml |
+| Database  | Setup | Database type and version | **type**: crdb / psql **version**: semantic version |
+| Database location | Setup | Region or location of the deployment of the database. If not further specified the hoster is Google Cloud SQL | Location / Region |
+| Database specification | Setup | The description must at least clarify the following metrics: vCPU, Memory and egress bandwidth (Scale) | **vCPU**: Amount of threads ([additional info](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/cpu-platforms)) **memory**: GB **egress bandwidth**:Gbps **scale**: Amount of crdb nodes if crdb is used |
+| ZITADEL metrics during test | Result | This metric helps understanding the bottlenecks of the executed test. At least the following metrics must be provided: CPU usage Memory usage | **CPU usage** in percent **Memory usage** in percent |
+| Observed errors | Result | Errors worth mentioning, mostly unexpected errors | description |
+| Top 3 most expensive database queries | Result | The execution plan of the top 3 most expensive database queries during the test execution | database execution plan |
+| Database metrics during test | Result | This metric helps understanding the bottlenecks of the executed test. At least the following metrics must be provided: CPU usage Memory usage | **CPU usage** in percent **Memory usage** in percent |
+| k6 Iterations per second | Result | How many test iterations were done per second | Number |
+| k6 overview | Result | Shows some basic metrics aggregated over the test run At least the following metrics must be included: duration per request (min, max, avg, p50, p95, p99) VUS For simplicity just add the whole test result printed to the terminal | terminal output |
+| k6 output | Result | Trends and metrics generated during the test, this contains detailed information for each step executed during each iteration | csv |
+
+### Test setup
+
+#### Make recipes
+
+Details about the tests implemented can be found in [this readme](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/blob/main/load-test/README.md#test).
+
+### Test conclusion
+
+After each iteration of load-test, we should consult the [Flowchart](#after-test-procedure) to conclude an outcome:
+
+1. [Scale](#scale)  
+2. [Log potential issue and scale](#potential-issues)  
+3. [Terminate testing](#termination) and resolve issues
+
+#### Scale {#scale}
+
+An outcome of scale means that the service hit some kind of resource limit, like CPU or RAM which can be increased. In such cases we increase the suggested parameter and rerun the load-test for the same target. On the next test we should analyse if the increase in scale resulted in a performance improvement proportional to the scale parameter. For example if we scale from 1 to 2 containers, it might be reasonable to expect a doubling of iterations / sec. If such an increase is not noticed, there might be another bottleneck or unlying issue, such as locking.
+
+#### Potential issues {#potential-issues}
+
+A potential issue has an impact on performance, but does not prevent us to scale. Such issues must be logged in GH issues and load-testing can continue. The issue can be resolved at a later time and the load-tests repeated when it is. This is primarily for issues which require big changes to ZITADEL.
+
+#### Termination {#termination}
+
+Scaling no longer improves iterations / second, or some kind of critical error or bug is experienced. The root cause of the issue must be resolved before we can continue with increasing scale.
+
+### After test procedure
+
+This flowchart shows the procedure after running a test.
+
+![Flowchart](/img/benchmark/Flowchart.svg)
+
+## Baseline
+
+Will be established as soon as the goal described above is reached.
+
+## Test results
+
+This chapter provides a table linking to the detailed test results.
+
+<DocCardList />
--- a/docs/docs/apis/benchmarks/v2.65.0/machine_jwt_profile_grant/index.mdx
+++ b/docs/docs/apis/benchmarks/v2.65.0/machine_jwt_profile_grant/index.mdx
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+title: machine jwt profile grant benchmark of zitadel v2.65.0
+sidebar_label: machine jwt profile grant
+---
+
+## Summary
+
+Tests are halted after this test run because of too many [client read events](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/wait-event.clientread.html) on the database.
+
+## Performance test results
+
+| Metric | Value |
+| :---- | :---- |
+| Baseline | none |
+| Test start | 22-10-2024 16:20 UTC |
+| Test duration | 30min |
+| Executed test | machine\_jwt\_profile\_grant |
+| k6 version | v0.54.0 |
+| VUs | 50 |
+| Client location | US1 |
+| Client machine specification | e2-high-cpu-4 |
+| Zitadel location | US1 |
+| Zitadel container specification | vCPUs: 2<br/>Memory: 512 MiB<br/>Container count: 2 |
+| Zitadel feature flags | none |
+| Database | postgres v15 |
+| Database location | US1 |
+| Database specification | vCPUs: 4<br/>Memory: 16 GiB |
+| Zitadel metrics during test |  |
+| Observed errors | Many client read events during push |
+| Top 3 most expensive database queries | 1: Query events `instance_id = $1 AND aggregate_type = $2 AND aggregate_id = $3 AND event_type = ANY($4)`<br/>2: latest sequence query during push events<br/>3: writing events during push (caused lock wait events) |
+| k6 iterations per second | 193 |
+| k6 overview | [output](#k6-output) |
+| flowchart outcome | Halt tests, must resolve an issue |
+
+## /token endpoint latencies
+
+import OutputSource from "!!raw-loader!./output.json";
+
+import { BenchmarkChart } from '/src/components/benchmark_chart';
+
+<BenchmarkChart testResults={OutputSource} />
+
+## k6 output {#k6-output}
+
+```bash
+checks...............................: 100.00% ✓ 695739 ✗ 0   
+data_received........................: 479 MB 265 kB/s  
+data_sent............................: 276 MB 153 kB/s  
+http_req_blocked.....................: min=178ns avg=5µs max=119.8ms p(50)=460ns p(95)=702ns p(99)=921ns   
+http_req_connecting..................: min=0s avg=1.24µs max=43.45ms p(50)=0s p(95)=0s p(99)=0s   
+http_req_duration....................: min=18ms avg=255.3ms max=1.22s p(50)=241.56ms p(95)=479.19ms p(99)=600.92ms  
+{ expected_response:true }.........: min=18ms avg=255.3ms max=1.22s p(50)=241.56ms p(95)=479.19ms p(99)=600.92ms  
+http_req_failed......................: 0.00% ✓ 0 ✗ 347998  
+http_req_receiving...................: min=25.92µs avg=536.96µs max=401.94ms p(50)=89.44µs p(95)=2.39ms p(99)=11.12ms   
+http_req_sending.....................: min=24.01µs avg=63.86µs max=4.48ms p(50)=60.97µs p(95)=88.69µs p(99)=141.74µs  
+http_req_tls_handshaking.............: min=0s avg=2.8µs max=51.05ms p(50)=0s p(95)=0s p(99)=0s   
+http_req_waiting.....................: min=17.65ms avg=254.7ms max=1.22s p(50)=240.88ms p(95)=478.6ms p(99)=600.6ms   
+http_reqs............................: 347998 192.80552/s  
+iteration_duration...................: min=33.86ms avg=258.77ms max=1.22s p(50)=245ms p(95)=482.61ms p(99)=604.32ms  
+iterations...........................: 347788 192.689171/s  
+login_ui_enter_login_name_duration...: min=218.61ms avg=218.61ms max=218.61ms p(50)=218.61ms p(95)=218.61ms p(99)=218.61ms  
+login_ui_enter_password_duration.....: min=18ms avg=18ms max=18ms p(50)=18ms p(95)=18ms p(99)=18ms   
+login_ui_init_login_duration.........: min=90.96ms avg=90.96ms max=90.96ms p(50)=90.96ms p(95)=90.96ms p(99)=90.96ms   
+login_ui_token_duration..............: min=140.02ms avg=140.02ms max=140.02ms p(50)=140.02ms p(95)=140.02ms p(99)=140.02ms  
+oidc_token_duration..................: min=29.85ms avg=255.38ms max=1.22s p(50)=241.61ms p(95)=479.23ms p(99)=600.95ms  
+org_create_org_duration..............: min=64.51ms avg=64.51ms max=64.51ms p(50)=64.51ms p(95)=64.51ms p(99)=64.51ms   
+user_add_machine_key_duration........: min=44.93ms avg=87.89ms max=159.52ms p(50)=84.43ms p(95)=144.59ms p(99)=155.54ms  
+user_create_machine_duration.........: min=65.75ms avg=266.53ms max=421.58ms p(50)=276.59ms p(95)=380.84ms p(99)=414.43ms  
+vus..................................: 0 min=0 max=50   
+vus_max..............................: 50 min=50 max=50 
+
+running (30m04.9s), 00/50 VUs, 347788 complete and 0 interrupted iterations  
+default ✓ [======================================] 50 VUs 30m0s
+```
+
--- a/docs/docs/apis/benchmarks/v2.65.0/machine_jwt_profile_grant/output.json
+++ b/docs/docs/apis/benchmarks/v2.65.0/machine_jwt_profile_grant/output.json
--- a/docs/docs/examples/login/flutter.md
+++ b/docs/docs/examples/login/flutter.md
@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ To install run:

 ```bash
 flutter pub add http
-flutter pub add flutter_web_auth_2
-flutter pub add flutter_secure_storage
+flutter pub add oidc
+flutter pub add oidc_default_store
 ```

 #### Setup for Android
--- a/docs/docs/guides/integrate/token-exchange.mdx
+++ b/docs/docs/guides/integrate/token-exchange.mdx
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import TokenExchangeResponse from "../../apis/openidoauth/_token_exchange_respon
 The Token Exchange grant implements [RFC 8693, OAuth 2.0 Token Exchange](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8693) and can be used to exchange tokens to a different scope, audience or subject. Changing the subject of an authenticated token is called impersonation or delegation. This guide will explain how token exchange is implemented inside ZITADEL and gives some usage examples.

 :::info
-Token Exchange is currently an experimental beta](/docs/support/software-release-cycles-support#beta) feature. Be sure to enable it on the [feature API](#feature-api) before using it.
+Token Exchange is currently an [experimental beta](/docs/support/software-release-cycles-support#beta) feature. Be sure to enable it on the [feature API](#feature-api) before using it.
 :::

 In this guide we assume that the application performing the token exchange is already in possession of tokens. You should already have a good understanding on the following topics before starting with this guide:
--- a/docs/docs/guides/manage/user/reg-create-user.md
+++ b/docs/docs/guides/manage/user/reg-create-user.md
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The ZITADEL API has different possibilities to create users.
 This can be used, if you are building your own registration page.

 Use the following API call to create your users:
-[Create User (Human)](/apis/resources/mgmt/management-service-import-human-user.api.mdx)
+[Create User (Human)](apis/resources/user_service_v2/user-service-add-human-user.api.mdx)

 ## With Username and Password

--- a/docs/docs/self-hosting/manage/cache.md
+++ b/docs/docs/self-hosting/manage/cache.md
@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+---
+title: Caches
+sidebar_label: Caches
+---
+
+ZITADEL supports the use of a caches to speed up the lookup of frequently needed objects. As opposed to HTTP caches which might reside between ZITADEL and end-user applications, the cache build into ZITADEL uses active invalidation when an object gets updated. Another difference is that HTTP caches only cache the result of a complete request and the built-in cache stores objects needed for the internal business logic. For example, each request made to ZITADEL needs to retrieve and set [instance](/docs/concepts/structure/instance) information in middleware.
+
+:::info
+Caches is currently an [experimental beta](/docs/support/software-release-cycles-support#beta) feature.
+:::
+
+## Configuration
+
+The `Caches` configuration entry defines *connectors* which can be used by several objects. It is possible to mix *connectors* with different objects based on operational needs.
+
+```yaml
+Caches:
+  Connectors:
+    SomeConnector:
+      Enabled: true
+      SomeOption: foo
+  SomeObject:
+    # Connector must be enabled above.
+    # When connector is empty, this cache will be disabled.
+    Connector: "SomeConnector"
+    MaxAge: 1h
+    LastUsage: 10m
+    # Log enables cache-specific logging. Default to error log to stderr when omitted.
+    Log:
+      Level: error
+```
+
+For a full configuration reference, please see the [runtime configuration file](/docs/self-hosting/manage/configure#runtime-configuration-file) section's `defaults.yaml`.
+
+## Connectors
+
+ZITADEL supports a number of *connectors*. Connectors integrate a cache with a storage backend. Users can combine connectors with the type of object cache depending on their operational and performance requirements.
+When no connector is specified for an object cache, then no caching is performed. This is the current default.
+
+### Auto prune
+
+Some connectors take an `AutoPrune` option. This is provided for caches which don't have built-in expiry and cleanup routines. The auto pruner is a routine launched by ZITADEL and scans and removes outdated objects in the cache. Pruning can take a cost as they typically involve some kind of scan. However, using a long interval can cause higher storage utilization.
+
+```yaml
+Caches:
+  Connectors:
+    Memory:
+    Enabled: true
+    # AutoPrune removes invalidated or expired object from the cache.
+    AutoPrune:
+      Interval: 1m
+      TimeOut: 5s
+```
+
+### Redis cache
+
+Redis is supported in simple mode. Cluster and Sentinel are not yet supported. There is also a circuit-breaker provided which prevents a single point of failure, should the single Redis instance become unavailable.
+
+Benefits:
+
+- Centralized cache with single source of truth
+- Consistent invalidation
+- Very fast when network latency is kept to a minimum
+- Built-in object expiry, no pruner required
+
+Drawbacks:
+
+- Increased operational overhead: need to run a Redis instance as part of your infrastructure.
+- When running multiple servers of ZITADEL in different regions, network roundtrip time might impact performance, neutralizing the benefit of a cache.
+
+#### Circuit breaker
+
+A [circuit breaker](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/msp-n-p/dn589784(v=pandp.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN) is provided for the Redis connector, to prevent a single point of failure in the case persistent errors. When the circuit breaker opens, the cache is temporary disabled and ignored. ZITADEL will continue to operate using queries to the database.
+
+```yaml
+Caches:
+  Connectors:
+    Redis:
+      Enabled: true
+      Addr: localhost:6379
+      # Many other options...
+      CircuitBreaker:
+        # Interval when the counters are reset to 0.
+        # 0 interval never resets the counters until the CB is opened.
+        Interval: 0
+        # Amount of consecutive failures permitted
+        MaxConsecutiveFailures: 5
+        # The ratio of failed requests out of total requests
+        MaxFailureRatio: 0.1
+        # Timeout after opening of the CB, until the state is set to half-open.
+        Timeout: 60s
+        # The allowed amount of requests that are allowed to pass when the CB is half-open.
+        MaxRetryRequests: 1
+```
+
+### PostgreSQL cache
+
+PostgreSQL can be used to store objects in unlogged tables. [Unlogged tables](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html#SQL-CREATETABLE-UNLOGGED) do not write to the WAL log and are therefore faster than regular tables. If the PostgreSQL server crashes, the data from those tables are lost. ZITADEL always creates the cache schema in the `zitadel` database during [setup](./updating_scaling#the-setup-phase). This connector requires a [pruner](#auto-prune) routine.
+
+Benefits:
+
+- Centralized cache with single source of truth
+- No operational overhead. Reuses the query connection pool and the existing `zitadel` database.
+- Consistent invalidation
+- Faster than regular queries which often contain `JOIN` clauses.
+
+Drawbacks:
+
+- Slowest of the available caching options
+- Might put additional strain on the database server, limiting horizontal scalability
+- CockroachDB does not support unlogged tables. When this connector is enabled against CockroachDB, it does work but little to no performance benefit is to be expected.
+
+### Local memory cache
+
+ZITADEL is capable of caching object in local application memory, using hash-maps. Each ZITADEL server manages its own copy of the cache. This connector requires a [pruner](#auto-prune) routine.
+
+Benefits:
+
+- Fastest of the available caching options
+- No operational overhead
+
+Drawbacks:
+
+- Inconsistent invalidation. An object validated in one ZITADEL server will not get invalidated in other servers.
+- There's no single source of truth. Different servers may operate on a different version of an object
+- Data is duplicated in each server, consuming more total memory inside a deployment.
+ 
+The drawbacks restricts its usefulness in distributed deployments. However simple installations running a single server can benefit greatly from this type of cache. For example test, development or home deployments.
+If inconsistency is acceptable for short periods of time, one can choose to use this type of cache in distributed deployments with short max age configuration. 
+
+**For example**: A ZITADEL deployment with 2 servers is serving 1000 req/sec total. The installation only has one instance[^1]. There is only a small amount of data cached (a few kB) so duplication is not a problem in this case. It is acceptable for [instance level setting](/docs/guides/manage/console/default-settings) to be out-dated for a short amount of time. When the memory cache is enabled for the instance objects, with a max age of 1 second, the instance only needs to be obtained from the database 2 times per second (once for each server). Saving 998 of redundant queries. Once an instance level setting is changed, it takes up to 1 second for all the servers to get the new state.
+
+## Objects
+
+The following section describes the type of objects ZITADEL can currently cache. Objects are actively invalidated at the cache backend when one of their properties is changed. Each object cache defines:
+
+- `Connector`: Selects the used [connector](#connectors) back-end. Must be activated first.
+- `MaxAge`: the amount of time that an object is considered valid. When this age is passed the object is ignored (cache miss) and possibly cleaned up by the [pruner](#auto-prune) or other built-in garbage collection.
+- `LastUsage`: defines usage based lifetime. Each time an object is used, its usage timestamp is updated. Popular objects remain cached, while unused objects are cleaned up. This option can be used to indirectly limit the size of the cache.
+- `Log`: allows specific log settings for the cache. This can be used to debug a certain cache without having to change the global log level.
+
+```yaml
+Caches:
+  SomeObject:
+    # Connector must be enabled above.
+    # When connector is empty, this cache will be disabled.
+    Connector: ""
+    MaxAge: 1h
+    LastUsage: 10m
+    # Log enables cache-specific logging. Default to error log to stderr when omitted.
+    Log:
+      Level: error
+      AddSource: true
+      Formatter:
+        Format: text
+```
+
+### Instance
+
+All HTTP and gRPC requests sent to ZITADEL receive an instance context. The instance is usually resolved by the domain from the request. In some cases, like the [system service](/docs/apis/resources/system/system-service), the instance can be resolved by its ID. An instance object contains many of the [default settings](/docs/guides/manage/console/default-settings):
+
+- Instance [features](/docs/guides/manage/console/default-settings#features)
+- Instance domains: generated and [custom](/docs/guides/manage/cloud/instances#add-custom-domain)
+- [Trusted domains](/docs/apis/resources/admin/admin-service-add-instance-trusted-domain)
+- Security settings ([IFrame policy](/docs/guides/solution-scenarios/configurations#embedding-zitadel-in-an-iframe))
+- Limits[^2]
+- [Allowed languages](/docs/guides/manage/console/default-settings#languages)
+
+These settings typically change infrequently in production. ***Every*** request made to ZITADEL needs to query for the instance. This is a typical case of set once, get many times where a cache can provide a significant optimization.
+
+### Milestones
+
+Milestones are used to track the administrator's progress in setting up their instance. Milestones are used to render *your next steps* in the [console](/docs/guides/manage/console/overview) landing page.
+Milestones are reached upon the first time a certain action is performed. For example the first application created or the first human login. In order to push a "reached" event only once, ZITADEL must keep track of the current state of milestones by an eventstore query every time an eligible action is performed. This can cause an unwanted overhead on production servers, therefore they are cached.
+
+As an extra optimization, once all milestones are reached by the instance, an in-memory flag is set and the milestone state is never queried again from the database nor cache.
+For single instance setups which fulfilled all milestone (*your next steps* in console) it is not needed to enable this cache. We mainly use it for ZITADEL cloud where there are many instances with *incomplete* milestones.
+
+### Organization
+
+Most resources like users, project and applications are part of an [organization](/docs/concepts/structure/organizations). Therefore many parts of the ZITADEL logic search for an organization by ID or by their primary domain.
+Organization objects are quite small and receive infrequent updates after they are created:
+
+- Change of organization name
+- Deactivation / Reactivation
+- Change of primary domain
+- Removal
+
+## Examples
+
+Currently caches are in beta and disabled by default. However, if you want to give caching a try, the following sections contains some suggested configurations for different setups.
+
+The following configuration is recommended for single instance setups with a single ZITADEL server:
+
+```yaml
+Caches:
+  Memory:
+    Enabled: true
+  Instance:
+    Connector: "memory"
+    MaxAge: 1h
+  Organization:
+    Connector: "memory"
+    MaxAge: 1h
+```
+
+The following configuration is recommended for single instance setups with high traffic on multiple servers, where Redis is not available:
+
+```yaml
+Caches:
+  Memory:
+    Enabled: true
+  Postgres:
+    Enabled: true
+  Instance:
+    Connector: "memory"
+    MaxAge: 1s
+  Milestones:
+    Connector: "postgres"
+    MaxAge: 1h
+    LastUsage: 10m
+  Organization:
+    Connector: "memory"
+    MaxAge: 1s
+```
+
+When running many instances on multiple servers:
+
+```yaml
+Caches:
+  Connectors:
+    Redis:
+      Enabled: true
+      # Other connection options
+      
+  Instance:
+    Connector: "redis"
+    MaxAge: 1h
+    LastUsage: 10m
+  Milestones:
+    Connector: "redis"
+    MaxAge: 1h
+    LastUsage: 10m
+  Organization:
+    Connector: "redis"
+    MaxAge: 1h
+    LastUsage: 10m
+```
+----
+
+[^1]: Many deployments of ZITADEL have only one or few [instances](/docs/concepts/structure/instance). Multiple instances are mostly used for ZITADEL cloud, where each customer gets at least one instance.
+
+[^2]: Limits are imposed by the system API, usually when customers exceed their subscription in ZITADEL cloud.
--- a/docs/docusaurus.config.js
+++ b/docs/docusaurus.config.js
@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ module.exports = {
            outputDir: "docs/apis/resources/user_service_v2",
            sidebarOptions: {
              groupPathsBy: "tag",
-              categoryLinkSource: "tag",
+              categoryLinkSource: "auto",
            },
          },
          session_v2: {
@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ module.exports = {
            outputDir: "docs/apis/resources/session_service_v2",
            sidebarOptions: {
              groupPathsBy: "tag",
-              categoryLinkSource: "tag",
+              categoryLinkSource: "auto",
            },
          },
          oidc_v2: {
@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ module.exports = {
            outputDir: "docs/apis/resources/oidc_service_v2",
            sidebarOptions: {
              groupPathsBy: "tag",
-              categoryLinkSource: "tag",
+              categoryLinkSource: "auto",
            },
          },
          settings_v2: {
@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ module.exports = {
            outputDir: "docs/apis/resources/settings_service_v2",
            sidebarOptions: {
              groupPathsBy: "tag",
-              categoryLinkSource: "tag",
+              categoryLinkSource: "auto",
            },
          },
          user_schema_v3: {
--- a/docs/package.json
+++ b/docs/package.json
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
    "generate:grpc": "buf generate ../proto",
    "generate:apidocs": "docusaurus gen-api-docs all",
    "generate:configdocs": "cp -r ../cmd/defaults.yaml ./docs/self-hosting/manage/configure/ && cp -r ../cmd/setup/steps.yaml ./docs/self-hosting/manage/configure/",
-    "generate:re-gen": "yarn clean-all && yarn gen-all",
+    "generate:re-gen": "yarn generate:clean-all && yarn generate",
    "generate:clean-all": "docusaurus clean-api-docs all"
  },
  "dependencies": {
@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
    "react": "^18.2.0",
    "react-copy-to-clipboard": "^5.1.0",
    "react-dom": "^18.2.0",
+    "react-google-charts": "^5.2.1",
    "react-player": "^2.15.1",
    "sitemap": "7.1.1",
    "swc-loader": "^0.2.3",
--- a/docs/sidebars.js
+++ b/docs/sidebars.js
@ -841,6 +841,30 @@ module.exports = {
      label: "Rate Limits (Cloud)", // The link label
      href: "/legal/policies/rate-limit-policy", // The internal path
    },
+    {
+      type: "category",
+      label: "Benchmarks",
+      collapsed: false,      
+      link: {
+        type: "doc",
+        id: "apis/benchmarks/index",
+      },
+      items: [
+        {
+          type: "category",
+          label: "v2.65.0",
+          link: {
+            title: "v2.65.0",
+            slug: "/apis/benchmarks/v2.65.0",
+            description:
+              "Benchmark results of Zitadel v2.65.0\n"
+          },
+          items: [
+            "apis/benchmarks/v2.65.0/machine_jwt_profile_grant/index",
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    },
  ],
  selfHosting: [
    {
@ -889,6 +913,7 @@ module.exports = {
        "self-hosting/manage/http2",
        "self-hosting/manage/tls_modes",
        "self-hosting/manage/database/database",
+        "self-hosting/manage/cache",
        "self-hosting/manage/updating_scaling",
        "self-hosting/manage/usage_control",
        {
--- a/docs/src/components/benchmark_chart.jsx
+++ b/docs/src/components/benchmark_chart.jsx
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import React from "react";
+import Chart from "react-google-charts";
+
+export function BenchmarkChart(testResults=[], height='500px') {
+
+    const options = {
+        legend: { position: 'bottom' },
+        focusTarget: 'category',
+        hAxis: {
+            title: 'timestamp',
+        },
+        vAxis: {
+            title: 'latency (ms)',
+        },
+    };
+
+    const data = [
+        [
+            {type:"datetime", label: "timestamp"},
+            {type:"number", label: "p50"},
+            {type:"number", label: "p95"},
+            {type:"number", label: "p99"},
+        ],
+    ]
+
+    JSON.parse(testResults.testResults).forEach((result) => {
+        data.push([
+            new Date(result.timestamp),
+            result.p50,
+            result.p95,
+            result.p99,
+        ])
+    });
+
+    return (
+        <Chart
+            chartType="LineChart"
+            width="100%"
+            height="500px"
+            options={options}
+            data={data}
+            legendToggle
+        />
+  );
+}
--- a/docs/static/img/benchmark/Flowchart.svg
+++ b/docs/static/img/benchmark/Flowchart.svg
--- a/docs/yarn.lock
+++ b/docs/yarn.lock
@ -3909,9 +3909,9 @@ cross-fetch@3.1.5:
    node-fetch "2.6.7"

 cross-spawn@^7.0.0, cross-spawn@^7.0.3:
-  version "7.0.3"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-7.0.3.tgz#f73a85b9d5d41d045551c177e2882d4ac85728a6"
-  integrity sha512-iRDPJKUPVEND7dHPO8rkbOnPpyDygcDFtWjpeWNCgy8WP2rXcxXL8TskReQl6OrB2G7+UJrags1q15Fudc7G6w==
+  version "7.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-7.0.6.tgz#8a58fe78f00dcd70c370451759dfbfaf03e8ee9f"
+  integrity sha512-uV2QOWP2nWzsy2aMp8aRibhi9dlzF5Hgh5SHaB9OiTGEyDTiJJyx0uy51QXdyWbtAHNua4XJzUKca3OzKUd3vA==
  dependencies:
    path-key "^3.1.0"
    shebang-command "^2.0.0"
@ -9479,6 +9479,11 @@ react-fast-compare@^3.0.1, react-fast-compare@^3.2.0, react-fast-compare@^3.2.2:
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-fast-compare/-/react-fast-compare-3.2.2.tgz#929a97a532304ce9fee4bcae44234f1ce2c21d49"
  integrity sha512-nsO+KSNgo1SbJqJEYRE9ERzo7YtYbou/OqjSQKxV7jcKox7+usiUVZOAC+XnDOABXggQTno0Y1CpVnuWEc1boQ==

+react-google-charts@^5.2.1:
+  version "5.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-google-charts/-/react-google-charts-5.2.1.tgz#d9cbe8ed45d7c0fafefea5c7c3361bee76648454"
+  integrity sha512-mCbPiObP8yWM5A9ogej7Qp3/HX4EzOwuEzUYvcfHtL98Xt4V/brD14KgfDzSNNtyD48MNXCpq5oVaYKt0ykQUQ==
+
 react-helmet-async@*:
  version "2.0.5"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-helmet-async/-/react-helmet-async-2.0.5.tgz#cfc70cd7bb32df7883a8ed55502a1513747223ec"
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.0
 	github.com/rs/cors v1.11.1
 	github.com/santhosh-tekuri/jsonschema/v5 v5.3.1
+	github.com/sony/gobreaker/v2 v2.0.0
 	github.com/sony/sonyflake v1.2.0
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.1
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.19.0
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@ -670,6 +670,8 @@ github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.6.4 h1:fv0U8FUIMPNf1L9lnHLvLhgicrIVChEkdzIK
 github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.6.4/go.mod h1:syvi0/a8iFYH4r/RixwvyeAJjdLS9QV7WQ/tjFTllLA=
 github.com/soheilhy/cmux v0.1.4/go.mod h1:IM3LyeVVIOuxMH7sFAkER9+bJ4dT7Ms6E4xg4kGIyLM=
 github.com/sony/gobreaker v0.4.1/go.mod h1:ZKptC7FHNvhBz7dN2LGjPVBz2sZJmc0/PkyDJOjmxWY=
+github.com/sony/gobreaker/v2 v2.0.0 h1:23AaR4JQ65y4rz8JWMzgXw2gKOykZ/qfqYunll4OwJ4=
+github.com/sony/gobreaker/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:8JnRUz80DJ1/ne8M8v7nmTs2713i58nIt4s7XcGe/DI=
 github.com/sony/sonyflake v1.2.0 h1:Pfr3A+ejSg+0SPqpoAmQgEtNDAhc2G1SUYk205qVMLQ=
 github.com/sony/sonyflake v1.2.0/go.mod h1:LORtCywH/cq10ZbyfhKrHYgAUGH7mOBa76enV9txy/Y=
 github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 h1:OQTbbt6P72L20UqAkXXuLOj79LfEanQ+YQFNpLA9ySo=
--- a/internal/api/grpc/admin/export.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/admin/export.go
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func (s *Server) ExportData(ctx context.Context, req *admin_pb.ExportDataRequest
 	}

 	orgs := make([]*admin_pb.DataOrg, len(queriedOrgs.Orgs))
-	processedOrgs := make([]string, len(queriedOrgs.Orgs))
+	processedOrgs := make([]string, 0, len(queriedOrgs.Orgs))
 	processedProjects := make([]string, 0)
 	processedGrants := make([]string, 0)
 	processedUsers := make([]string, 0)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/admin/integration_test/iam_settings_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/admin/integration_test/iam_settings_test.go
@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_GetSecurityPolicy(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	adminCtx := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)

@ -72,8 +70,6 @@ func TestServer_GetSecurityPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_SetSecurityPolicy(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	adminCtx := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)

--- a/internal/api/grpc/admin/integration_test/restrictions_allow_public_org_registrations_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/admin/integration_test/restrictions_allow_public_org_registrations_test.go
@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_Restrictions_DisallowPublicOrgRegistration(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	regOrgUrl, err := url.Parse("http://" + instance.Domain + ":8080/ui/login/register/org")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/admin/integration_test/restrictions_allowed_languages_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/admin/integration_test/restrictions_allowed_languages_test.go
@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_Restrictions_AllowedLanguages(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Minute)
 	defer cancel()

--- a/internal/api/grpc/org/v2/integration_test/org_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/org/v2/integration_test/org_test.go
@ -42,8 +42,6 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 }

 func TestServer_AddOrganization(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	idpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(CTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)

 	tests := []struct {
--- a/internal/api/grpc/org/v2/integration_test/query_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/org/v2/integration_test/query_test.go
@ -27,8 +27,6 @@ type orgAttr struct {
 }

 func TestServer_ListOrganizations(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
 		req *org.ListOrganizationsRequest
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/integration_test/execution_target_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/integration_test/execution_target_test.go
@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_ExecutionTarget(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/integration_test/execution_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/integration_test/execution_test.go
@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ func executionTargetsSingleInclude(include *action.Condition) []*action.Executio
 }

 func TestServer_SetExecution_Request(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -207,7 +206,6 @@ func TestServer_SetExecution_Request(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_SetExecution_Request_Include(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -346,7 +344,6 @@ func TestServer_SetExecution_Request_Include(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_SetExecution_Response(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -528,7 +525,6 @@ func TestServer_SetExecution_Response(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_SetExecution_Event(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -716,7 +712,6 @@ func TestServer_SetExecution_Event(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_SetExecution_Function(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/integration_test/query_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/integration_test/query_test.go
@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_GetTarget(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -63,6 +62,7 @@ func TestServer_GetTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					request.Id = resp.GetDetails().GetId()
 					response.Target.Config.Name = name
 					response.Target.Details = resp.GetDetails()
+					response.Target.SigningKey = resp.GetSigningKey()
 					return nil
 				},
 				req: &action.GetTargetRequest{},
@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ func TestServer_GetTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					request.Id = resp.GetDetails().GetId()
 					response.Target.Config.Name = name
 					response.Target.Details = resp.GetDetails()
+					response.Target.SigningKey = resp.GetSigningKey()
 					return nil
 				},
 				req: &action.GetTargetRequest{},
@ -123,6 +124,7 @@ func TestServer_GetTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					request.Id = resp.GetDetails().GetId()
 					response.Target.Config.Name = name
 					response.Target.Details = resp.GetDetails()
+					response.Target.SigningKey = resp.GetSigningKey()
 					return nil
 				},
 				req: &action.GetTargetRequest{},
@ -155,6 +157,7 @@ func TestServer_GetTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					request.Id = resp.GetDetails().GetId()
 					response.Target.Config.Name = name
 					response.Target.Details = resp.GetDetails()
+					response.Target.SigningKey = resp.GetSigningKey()
 					return nil
 				},
 				req: &action.GetTargetRequest{},
@ -187,6 +190,7 @@ func TestServer_GetTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					request.Id = resp.GetDetails().GetId()
 					response.Target.Config.Name = name
 					response.Target.Details = resp.GetDetails()
+					response.Target.SigningKey = resp.GetSigningKey()
 					return nil
 				},
 				req: &action.GetTargetRequest{},
@ -231,13 +235,13 @@ func TestServer_GetTarget(t *testing.T) {
 				gotTarget := got.GetTarget()
 				integration.AssertResourceDetails(ttt, wantTarget.GetDetails(), gotTarget.GetDetails())
 				assert.EqualExportedValues(ttt, wantTarget.GetConfig(), gotTarget.GetConfig())
+				assert.Equal(ttt, wantTarget.GetSigningKey(), gotTarget.GetSigningKey())
 			}, retryDuration, tick, "timeout waiting for expected target result")
 		})
 	}
 }

 func TestServer_ListTargets(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -494,6 +498,7 @@ func TestServer_ListTargets(t *testing.T) {
 					for i := range tt.want.Result {
 						integration.AssertResourceDetails(ttt, tt.want.Result[i].GetDetails(), got.Result[i].GetDetails())
 						assert.EqualExportedValues(ttt, tt.want.Result[i].GetConfig(), got.Result[i].GetConfig())
+						assert.NotEmpty(ttt, got.Result[i].GetSigningKey())
 					}
 				}
 				integration.AssertResourceListDetails(ttt, tt.want, got)
@ -503,7 +508,6 @@ func TestServer_ListTargets(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_SearchExecutions(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/integration_test/target_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/integration_test/target_test.go
@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/brianvoe/gofakeit/v6"
 	"github.com/muhlemmer/gu"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/durationpb"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_CreateTarget(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -201,11 +201,12 @@ func TestServer_CreateTarget(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			got, err := instance.Client.ActionV3Alpha.CreateTarget(tt.ctx, &action.CreateTargetRequest{Target: tt.req})
 			if tt.wantErr {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				return
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				integration.AssertResourceDetails(t, tt.want, got.Details)
+				assert.NotEmpty(t, got.GetSigningKey())
 			}
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			integration.AssertResourceDetails(t, tt.want, got.Details)
 		})
 	}
 }
@ -218,11 +219,15 @@ func TestServer_PatchTarget(t *testing.T) {
 		ctx context.Context
 		req *action.PatchTargetRequest
 	}
+	type want struct {
+		details    *resource_object.Details
+		signingKey bool
+	}
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
 		prepare func(request *action.PatchTargetRequest) error
 		args    args
-		want    *resource_object.Details
+		want    want
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
 		{
@ -273,14 +278,42 @@ func TestServer_PatchTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			want: &resource_object.Details{
-				Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
-				Owner: &object.Owner{
-					Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
-					Id:   instance.ID(),
+			want: want{
+				details: &resource_object.Details{
+					Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
+					Owner: &object.Owner{
+						Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
+						Id:   instance.ID(),
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "regenerate signingkey, ok",
+			prepare: func(request *action.PatchTargetRequest) error {
+				targetID := instance.CreateTarget(isolatedIAMOwnerCTX, t, "", "https://example.com", domain.TargetTypeWebhook, false).GetDetails().GetId()
+				request.Id = targetID
+				return nil
+			},
+			args: args{
+				ctx: isolatedIAMOwnerCTX,
+				req: &action.PatchTargetRequest{
+					Target: &action.PatchTarget{
+						ExpirationSigningKey: durationpb.New(0 * time.Second),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			want: want{
+				details: &resource_object.Details{
+					Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
+					Owner: &object.Owner{
+						Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
+						Id:   instance.ID(),
+					},
+				},
+				signingKey: true,
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			name: "change type, ok",
 			prepare: func(request *action.PatchTargetRequest) error {
@ -300,11 +333,13 @@ func TestServer_PatchTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			want: &resource_object.Details{
-				Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
-				Owner: &object.Owner{
-					Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
-					Id:   instance.ID(),
+			want: want{
+				details: &resource_object.Details{
+					Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
+					Owner: &object.Owner{
+						Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
+						Id:   instance.ID(),
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},
@ -323,11 +358,13 @@ func TestServer_PatchTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			want: &resource_object.Details{
-				Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
-				Owner: &object.Owner{
-					Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
-					Id:   instance.ID(),
+			want: want{
+				details: &resource_object.Details{
+					Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
+					Owner: &object.Owner{
+						Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
+						Id:   instance.ID(),
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},
@ -346,11 +383,13 @@ func TestServer_PatchTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			want: &resource_object.Details{
-				Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
-				Owner: &object.Owner{
-					Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
-					Id:   instance.ID(),
+			want: want{
+				details: &resource_object.Details{
+					Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
+					Owner: &object.Owner{
+						Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
+						Id:   instance.ID(),
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},
@ -371,11 +410,13 @@ func TestServer_PatchTarget(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			want: &resource_object.Details{
-				Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
-				Owner: &object.Owner{
-					Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
-					Id:   instance.ID(),
+			want: want{
+				details: &resource_object.Details{
+					Changed: timestamppb.Now(),
+					Owner: &object.Owner{
+						Type: object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE,
+						Id:   instance.ID(),
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},
@ -388,11 +429,14 @@ func TestServer_PatchTarget(t *testing.T) {
 			instance.Client.ActionV3Alpha.PatchTarget(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.req)
 			got, err := instance.Client.ActionV3Alpha.PatchTarget(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.req)
 			if tt.wantErr {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				return
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				integration.AssertResourceDetails(t, tt.want.details, got.Details)
+				if tt.want.signingKey {
+					assert.NotEmpty(t, got.SigningKey)
+				}
 			}
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			integration.AssertResourceDetails(t, tt.want, got.Details)
 		})
 	}
 }
@ -444,11 +488,12 @@ func TestServer_DeleteTarget(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			got, err := instance.Client.ActionV3Alpha.DeleteTarget(tt.ctx, tt.req)
 			if tt.wantErr {
-				require.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Error(t, err)
 				return
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				integration.AssertResourceDetails(t, tt.want, got.Details)
 			}
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			integration.AssertResourceDetails(t, tt.want, got.Details)
 		})
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/query.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/query.go
@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ func targetToPb(t *query.Target) *action.GetTarget {
 			Timeout:  durationpb.New(t.Timeout),
 			Endpoint: t.Endpoint,
 		},
+		SigningKey: t.SigningKey,
 	}
 	switch t.TargetType {
 	case domain.TargetTypeWebhook:
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/target.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/action/v3alpha/target.go
@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ func (s *Server) CreateTarget(ctx context.Context, req *action.CreateTargetReque
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &action.CreateTargetResponse{
-		Details: resource_object.DomainToDetailsPb(details, object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE, instanceID),
+		Details:    resource_object.DomainToDetailsPb(details, object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE, instanceID),
+		SigningKey: add.SigningKey,
 	}, nil
 }

@ -34,12 +35,14 @@ func (s *Server) PatchTarget(ctx context.Context, req *action.PatchTargetRequest
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	instanceID := authz.GetInstance(ctx).InstanceID()
-	details, err := s.command.ChangeTarget(ctx, patchTargetToCommand(req), instanceID)
+	patch := patchTargetToCommand(req)
+	details, err := s.command.ChangeTarget(ctx, patch, instanceID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &action.PatchTargetResponse{
-		Details: resource_object.DomainToDetailsPb(details, object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE, instanceID),
+		Details:    resource_object.DomainToDetailsPb(details, object.OwnerType_OWNER_TYPE_INSTANCE, instanceID),
+		SigningKey: patch.SigningKey,
 	}, nil
 }

@ -83,6 +86,12 @@ func createTargetToCommand(req *action.CreateTargetRequest) *command.AddTarget {
 }

 func patchTargetToCommand(req *action.PatchTargetRequest) *command.ChangeTarget {
+	expirationSigningKey := false
+	// TODO handle expiration, currently only immediate expiration is supported
+	if req.GetTarget().GetExpirationSigningKey() != nil {
+		expirationSigningKey = true
+	}
+
 	reqTarget := req.GetTarget()
 	if reqTarget == nil {
 		return nil
@ -91,8 +100,9 @@ func patchTargetToCommand(req *action.PatchTargetRequest) *command.ChangeTarget
 		ObjectRoot: models.ObjectRoot{
 			AggregateID: req.GetId(),
 		},
-		Name:     reqTarget.Name,
-		Endpoint: reqTarget.Endpoint,
+		Name:                 reqTarget.Name,
+		Endpoint:             reqTarget.Endpoint,
+		ExpirationSigningKey: expirationSigningKey,
 	}
 	if reqTarget.TargetType != nil {
 		switch t := reqTarget.GetTargetType().(type) {
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/user/v3alpha/integration_test/email_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/user/v3alpha/integration_test/email_test.go
@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_SetContactEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -365,7 +364,6 @@ func TestServer_SetContactEmail(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyContactEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -555,7 +553,6 @@ func TestServer_VerifyContactEmail(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ResendContactEmailCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/user/v3alpha/integration_test/phone_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/user/v3alpha/integration_test/phone_test.go
@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_SetContactPhone(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -292,7 +291,6 @@ func TestServer_SetContactPhone(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyContactPhone(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -484,7 +482,6 @@ func TestServer_VerifyContactPhone(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ResendContactPhoneCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/user/v3alpha/integration_test/user_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/user/v3alpha/integration_test/user_test.go
@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_CreateUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -230,7 +229,6 @@ func TestServer_CreateUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_PatchUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -650,7 +648,6 @@ func TestServer_PatchUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_DeleteUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -868,7 +865,6 @@ func unmarshalJSON(data string) *structpb.Struct {
 }

 func TestServer_LockUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -1070,7 +1066,6 @@ func TestServer_LockUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_UnlockUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -1253,7 +1248,6 @@ func TestServer_UnlockUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_DeactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -1455,7 +1449,6 @@ func TestServer_DeactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ActivateUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/userschema/v3alpha/integration_test/query_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/userschema/v3alpha/integration_test/query_test.go
@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_ListUserSchemas(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -214,7 +213,6 @@ func TestServer_ListUserSchemas(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_GetUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/resources/userschema/v3alpha/integration_test/userschema_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/resources/userschema/v3alpha/integration_test/userschema_test.go
@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_CreateUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -304,7 +303,6 @@ func TestServer_CreateUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_UpdateUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -596,7 +594,6 @@ func TestServer_UpdateUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_DeactivateUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -678,7 +675,6 @@ func TestServer_DeactivateUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ReactivateUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
@ -760,7 +756,6 @@ func TestServer_ReactivateUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_DeleteUserSchema(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ensureFeatureEnabled(t, instance)
 	isolatedIAMOwnerCTX := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/server/middleware/execution_interceptor_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/server/middleware/execution_interceptor_test.go
@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ type mockExecutionTarget struct {
 	Endpoint         string
 	Timeout          time.Duration
 	InterruptOnError bool
+	SigningKey       string
 }

 func (e *mockExecutionTarget) SetEndpoint(endpoint string) {
@ -49,6 +50,9 @@ func (e *mockExecutionTarget) GetTargetID() string {
 func (e *mockExecutionTarget) GetExecutionID() string {
 	return e.ExecutionID
 }
+func (e *mockExecutionTarget) GetSigningKey() string {
+	return e.SigningKey
+}

 type mockContentRequest struct {
 	Content string
@ -157,6 +161,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetID:    "target",
 						TargetType:  domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:     time.Minute,
+						SigningKey:  "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -186,6 +191,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},

@ -216,6 +222,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Second,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -245,6 +252,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Second,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -269,6 +277,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -297,6 +306,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetID:    "target",
 						TargetType:  domain.TargetTypeAsync,
 						Timeout:     time.Second,
+						SigningKey:  "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -325,6 +335,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetID:    "target",
 						TargetType:  domain.TargetTypeAsync,
 						Timeout:     time.Minute,
+						SigningKey:  "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -354,6 +365,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeWebhook,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -382,6 +394,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeWebhook,
 						Timeout:          time.Second,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -411,6 +424,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeWebhook,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -440,6 +454,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 					&mockExecutionTarget{
 						InstanceID:       "instance",
@ -448,6 +463,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 					&mockExecutionTarget{
 						InstanceID:       "instance",
@ -456,6 +472,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},

@ -498,6 +515,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 					&mockExecutionTarget{
 						InstanceID:       "instance",
@ -506,6 +524,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Second,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 					&mockExecutionTarget{
 						InstanceID:       "instance",
@ -514,6 +533,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_request(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Second,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -692,6 +712,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_response(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
@ -721,6 +742,7 @@ func Test_executeTargetsForGRPCFullMethod_response(t *testing.T) {
 						TargetType:       domain.TargetTypeCall,
 						Timeout:          time.Minute,
 						InterruptOnError: true,
+						SigningKey:       "signingkey",
 					},
 				},
 				targets: []target{
--- a/internal/api/grpc/system/integration_test/instance_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/system/integration_test/instance_test.go
@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_ListInstances(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	isoInstance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)

 	tests := []struct {
--- a/internal/api/grpc/system/integration_test/limits_auditlogretention_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/system/integration_test/limits_auditlogretention_test.go
@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_Limits_AuditLogRetention(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	isoInstance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	iamOwnerCtx := isoInstance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
 	userID, projectID, appID, projectGrantID := seedObjects(iamOwnerCtx, t, isoInstance.Client)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/system/integration_test/limits_block_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/system/integration_test/limits_block_test.go
@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_Limits_Block(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	isoInstance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	iamOwnerCtx := isoInstance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
 	tests := []*test{
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/email_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/email_test.go
@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_SetEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	tests := []struct {
@ -148,8 +146,6 @@ func TestServer_SetEmail(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ResendEmailCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	verifiedUserID := Instance.CreateHumanUserVerified(CTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id, gofakeit.Email()).GetUserId()

@ -254,8 +250,6 @@ func TestServer_ResendEmailCode(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userResp := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX)
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/idp_link_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/idp_link_test.go
@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_AddIDPLink(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	idpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(IamCTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
@ -101,8 +99,6 @@ func TestServer_AddIDPLink(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ListIDPLinks(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	orgResp := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("ListIDPLinks-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())

 	instanceIdpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(IamCTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
@ -257,8 +253,6 @@ func TestServer_ListIDPLinks(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_RemoveIDPLink(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	orgResp := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("ListIDPLinks-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())

 	instanceIdpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(IamCTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/otp_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/otp_test.go
@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_AddOTPSMS(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -123,8 +121,6 @@ func TestServer_AddOTPSMS(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_RemoveOTPSMS(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -191,8 +187,6 @@ func TestServer_RemoveOTPSMS(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_AddOTPEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -301,8 +295,6 @@ func TestServer_AddOTPEmail(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_RemoveOTPEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/passkey_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/passkey_test.go
@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_RegisterPasskey(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	reg, err := Client.CreatePasskeyRegistrationLink(CTX, &user.CreatePasskeyRegistrationLinkRequest{
 		UserId: userID,
@ -141,8 +139,6 @@ func TestServer_RegisterPasskey(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyPasskeyRegistration(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID, pkr := userWithPasskeyRegistered(t)

 	attestationResponse, err := Instance.WebAuthN.CreateAttestationResponse(pkr.GetPublicKeyCredentialCreationOptions())
@ -219,8 +215,6 @@ func TestServer_VerifyPasskeyRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_CreatePasskeyRegistrationLink(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	type args struct {
@ -354,8 +348,6 @@ func passkeyVerify(t *testing.T, userID string, pkr *user.RegisterPasskeyRespons
 }

 func TestServer_RemovePasskey(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userIDWithout := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	userIDRegistered, pkrRegistered := userWithPasskeyRegistered(t)
 	userIDVerified, passkeyIDVerified := userWithPasskeyVerified(t)
@ -461,8 +453,6 @@ func TestServer_RemovePasskey(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ListPasskeys(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userIDWithout := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	userIDRegistered, _ := userWithPasskeyRegistered(t)
 	userIDVerified, passkeyIDVerified := userWithPasskeyVerified(t)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/password_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/password_test.go
@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_RequestPasswordReset(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	tests := []struct {
@ -107,8 +105,6 @@ func TestServer_RequestPasswordReset(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_SetPassword(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
 		req *user.SetPasswordRequest
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/phone_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/phone_test.go
@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_SetPhone(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	tests := []struct {
@ -124,8 +122,6 @@ func TestServer_SetPhone(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ResendPhoneCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	verifiedUserID := Instance.CreateHumanUserVerified(CTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id, gofakeit.Email()).GetUserId()

@ -201,8 +197,6 @@ func TestServer_ResendPhoneCode(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyPhone(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userResp := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX)
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
@ -256,8 +250,6 @@ func TestServer_VerifyPhone(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_RemovePhone(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userResp := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX)
 	failResp := Instance.CreateHumanUserNoPhone(CTX)
 	otherUser := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/query_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/query_test.go
@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_GetUserByID(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	orgResp := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("GetUserByIDOrg-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
@ -188,8 +186,6 @@ func TestServer_GetUserByID(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_GetUserByID_Permission(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	newOrgOwnerEmail := gofakeit.Email()
 	newOrg := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("GetHuman-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), newOrgOwnerEmail)
 	newUserID := newOrg.CreatedAdmins[0].GetUserId()
@ -337,8 +333,6 @@ type userAttr struct {
 }

 func TestServer_ListUsers(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	orgResp := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("ListUsersOrg-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())
 	userResp := Instance.CreateHumanUserVerified(IamCTX, orgResp.OrganizationId, gofakeit.Email())
 	type args struct {
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/totp_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/totp_test.go
@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_RegisterTOTP(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -106,8 +104,6 @@ func TestServer_RegisterTOTP(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyTOTPRegistration(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -211,8 +207,6 @@ func TestServer_VerifyTOTPRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_RemoveTOTP(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/u2f_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/u2f_test.go
@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_RegisterU2F(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	otherUser := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

@ -108,8 +106,6 @@ func TestServer_RegisterU2F(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyU2FRegistration(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	ctx, userID, pkr := ctxFromNewUserWithRegisteredU2F(t)

 	attestationResponse, err := Instance.WebAuthN.CreateAttestationResponse(pkr.GetPublicKeyCredentialCreationOptions())
@ -215,8 +211,6 @@ func ctxFromNewUserWithVerifiedU2F(t *testing.T) (context.Context, string, strin
 }

 func TestServer_RemoveU2F(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userIDWithout := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	ctxRegistered, userIDRegistered, pkrRegistered := ctxFromNewUserWithRegisteredU2F(t)
 	_, userIDVerified, u2fVerified := ctxFromNewUserWithVerifiedU2F(t)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/user_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2/integration_test/user_test.go
@ -53,8 +53,6 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 }

 func TestServer_AddHumanUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	idpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(IamCTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
@ -681,8 +679,6 @@ func TestServer_AddHumanUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_AddHumanUser_Permission(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	newOrgOwnerEmail := gofakeit.Email()
 	newOrg := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("AddHuman-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), newOrgOwnerEmail)
 	type args struct {
@ -876,8 +872,6 @@ func TestServer_AddHumanUser_Permission(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_UpdateHumanUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
 		req *user.UpdateHumanUserRequest
@ -1239,8 +1233,6 @@ func TestServer_UpdateHumanUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_UpdateHumanUser_Permission(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	newOrgOwnerEmail := gofakeit.Email()
 	newOrg := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("UpdateHuman-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), newOrgOwnerEmail)
 	newUserID := newOrg.CreatedAdmins[0].GetUserId()
@ -1324,8 +1316,6 @@ func TestServer_UpdateHumanUser_Permission(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_LockUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.LockUserRequest
@ -1434,8 +1424,6 @@ func TestServer_LockUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_UnLockUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.UnlockUserRequest
@ -1544,8 +1532,6 @@ func TestServer_UnLockUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_DeactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.DeactivateUserRequest
@ -1655,8 +1641,6 @@ func TestServer_DeactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ReactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.ReactivateUserRequest
@ -1765,8 +1749,6 @@ func TestServer_ReactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_DeleteUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	projectResp, err := Instance.CreateProject(CTX)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	type args struct {
@ -1866,8 +1848,6 @@ func TestServer_DeleteUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_StartIdentityProviderIntent(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	idpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(IamCTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
 	orgIdpResp := Instance.AddOrgGenericOAuthProvider(CTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
 	orgResp := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("NotDefaultOrg-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())
@ -2131,9 +2111,7 @@ func TestServer_StartIdentityProviderIntent(t *testing.T) {

 /*
 func TestServer_RetrieveIdentityProviderIntent(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	idpID := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(t, CTX)
+		idpID := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(t, CTX)
 	intentID := Instance.CreateIntent(t, CTX, idpID)
 	successfulID, token, changeDate, sequence := Instance.CreateSuccessfulOAuthIntent(t, CTX, idpID, "", "id")
 	successfulWithUserID, withUsertoken, withUserchangeDate, withUsersequence := Instance.CreateSuccessfulOAuthIntent(t, CTX, idpID, "user", "id")
@ -2421,8 +2399,6 @@ func ctxFromNewUserWithVerifiedPasswordlessLegacy(t *testing.T) (context.Context
 }

 func TestServer_ListAuthenticationMethodTypes(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userIDWithoutAuth := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	userIDWithPasskey := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
@ -2654,8 +2630,6 @@ func TestServer_ListAuthenticationMethodTypes(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_CreateInviteCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.CreateInviteCodeRequest
@ -2787,8 +2761,6 @@ func TestServer_CreateInviteCode(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ResendInviteCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.ResendInviteCodeRequest
@ -2878,8 +2850,6 @@ func TestServer_ResendInviteCode(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyInviteCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.VerifyInviteCodeRequest
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/email_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/email_test.go
@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_SetEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	tests := []struct {
@ -148,8 +146,6 @@ func TestServer_SetEmail(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ResendEmailCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	verifiedUserID := Instance.CreateHumanUserVerified(CTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id, gofakeit.Email()).GetUserId()

@ -254,8 +250,6 @@ func TestServer_ResendEmailCode(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userResp := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX)
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/otp_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/otp_test.go
@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_AddOTPSMS(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -123,8 +121,6 @@ func TestServer_AddOTPSMS(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_RemoveOTPSMS(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -191,8 +187,6 @@ func TestServer_RemoveOTPSMS(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_AddOTPEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -301,8 +295,6 @@ func TestServer_AddOTPEmail(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_RemoveOTPEmail(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/passkey_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/passkey_test.go
@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_RegisterPasskey(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	reg, err := Client.CreatePasskeyRegistrationLink(CTX, &user.CreatePasskeyRegistrationLinkRequest{
 		UserId: userID,
@ -140,8 +138,6 @@ func TestServer_RegisterPasskey(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyPasskeyRegistration(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	reg, err := Client.CreatePasskeyRegistrationLink(CTX, &user.CreatePasskeyRegistrationLinkRequest{
 		UserId: userID,
@ -230,8 +226,6 @@ func TestServer_VerifyPasskeyRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_CreatePasskeyRegistrationLink(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	type args struct {
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/password_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/password_test.go
@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_RequestPasswordReset(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	tests := []struct {
@ -109,8 +107,6 @@ func TestServer_RequestPasswordReset(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_SetPassword(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
 		req *user.SetPasswordRequest
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/phone_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/phone_test.go
@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_SetPhone(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	tests := []struct {
@ -126,8 +124,6 @@ func TestServer_SetPhone(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ResendPhoneCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	verifiedUserID := Instance.CreateHumanUserVerified(CTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id, gofakeit.Email()).GetUserId()

@ -204,8 +200,6 @@ func TestServer_ResendPhoneCode(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyPhone(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userResp := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX)
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
@ -258,8 +252,6 @@ func TestServer_VerifyPhone(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_RemovePhone(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userResp := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX)
 	failResp := Instance.CreateHumanUserNoPhone(CTX)
 	otherUser := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/query_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/query_test.go
@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ func detailsV2ToV2beta(obj *object.Details) *object_v2beta.Details {
 }

 func TestServer_GetUserByID(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	orgResp := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("GetUserByIDOrg-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
@ -197,8 +195,6 @@ func TestServer_GetUserByID(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_GetUserByID_Permission(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	timeNow := time.Now().UTC()
 	newOrgOwnerEmail := gofakeit.Email()
 	newOrg := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("GetHuman-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), newOrgOwnerEmail)
@ -347,8 +343,6 @@ type userAttr struct {
 }

 func TestServer_ListUsers(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	orgResp := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("ListUsersOrg-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())
 	userResp := Instance.CreateHumanUserVerified(IamCTX, orgResp.OrganizationId, gofakeit.Email())
 	type args struct {
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/totp_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/totp_test.go
@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_RegisterTOTP(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -106,8 +104,6 @@ func TestServer_RegisterTOTP(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyTOTPRegistration(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
@ -216,8 +212,6 @@ func TestServer_VerifyTOTPRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_RemoveTOTP(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/u2f_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/u2f_test.go
@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_RegisterU2F(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	otherUser := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

@ -108,8 +106,6 @@ func TestServer_RegisterU2F(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_VerifyU2FRegistration(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userID := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
 	Instance.RegisterUserPasskey(CTX, userID)
 	_, sessionToken, _, _ := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTX, userID)
--- a/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/user_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/grpc/user/v2beta/integration_test/user_test.go
@ -51,8 +51,6 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 }

 func TestServer_AddHumanUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	idpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(IamCTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
@ -638,8 +636,6 @@ func TestServer_AddHumanUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_AddHumanUser_Permission(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	newOrg := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("AddHuman-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
@ -832,8 +828,6 @@ func TestServer_AddHumanUser_Permission(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_UpdateHumanUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
 		req *user.UpdateHumanUserRequest
@ -1195,8 +1189,6 @@ func TestServer_UpdateHumanUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_UpdateHumanUser_Permission(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	newOrg := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("UpdateHuman-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())
 	newUserID := newOrg.CreatedAdmins[0].GetUserId()
 	type args struct {
@ -1279,8 +1271,6 @@ func TestServer_UpdateHumanUser_Permission(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_LockUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.LockUserRequest
@ -1389,8 +1379,6 @@ func TestServer_LockUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_UnLockUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.UnlockUserRequest
@ -1499,8 +1487,6 @@ func TestServer_UnLockUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_DeactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.DeactivateUserRequest
@ -1609,8 +1595,6 @@ func TestServer_DeactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_ReactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	type args struct {
 		ctx     context.Context
 		req     *user.ReactivateUserRequest
@ -1719,8 +1703,6 @@ func TestServer_ReactivateUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_DeleteUser(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	projectResp, err := Instance.CreateProject(CTX)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	type args struct {
@ -1820,8 +1802,6 @@ func TestServer_DeleteUser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_AddIDPLink(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	idpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(IamCTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
 	type args struct {
 		ctx context.Context
@ -1901,8 +1881,6 @@ func TestServer_AddIDPLink(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_StartIdentityProviderIntent(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	idpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(IamCTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
 	orgIdpID := Instance.AddOrgGenericOAuthProvider(CTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)
 	orgResp := Instance.CreateOrganization(IamCTX, fmt.Sprintf("NotDefaultOrg-%s", gofakeit.AppName()), gofakeit.Email())
@ -2166,9 +2144,7 @@ func TestServer_StartIdentityProviderIntent(t *testing.T) {

 /*
 func TestServer_RetrieveIdentityProviderIntent(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	idpID := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(t, CTX)
+		idpID := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(t, CTX)
 	intentID := Instance.CreateIntent(t, CTX, idpID)
 	successfulID, token, changeDate, sequence := Instance.CreateSuccessfulOAuthIntent(t, CTX, idpID.Id, "", "id")
 	successfulWithUserID, withUsertoken, withUserchangeDate, withUsersequence := Instance.CreateSuccessfulOAuthIntent(t, CTX, idpID.Id, "user", "id")
@ -2428,8 +2404,6 @@ func TestServer_RetrieveIdentityProviderIntent(t *testing.T) {
 */

 func TestServer_ListAuthenticationMethodTypes(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	userIDWithoutAuth := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()

 	userIDWithPasskey := Instance.CreateHumanUser(CTX).GetUserId()
--- a/internal/api/idp/idp.go
+++ b/internal/api/idp/idp.go
@ -8,9 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"

 	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
 	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
+	"github.com/muhlemmer/gu"
 	"github.com/zitadel/logging"

 	http_utils "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/http"
@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ const (
 	paramError            = "error"
 	paramErrorDescription = "error_description"
 	varIDPID              = "idpid"
+	paramInternalUI       = "internalUI"
 )

 type Handler struct {
@ -187,21 +190,8 @@ func (h *Handler) handleMetadata(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 	metadata := sp.ServiceProvider.Metadata()

-	for i, spDesc := range metadata.SPSSODescriptors {
-		spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices = append(
-			spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices,
-			saml.IndexedEndpoint{
-				Binding:  saml.HTTPPostBinding,
-				Location: h.loginSAMLRootURL(ctx),
-				Index:    len(spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices) + 1,
-			}, saml.IndexedEndpoint{
-				Binding:  saml.HTTPArtifactBinding,
-				Location: h.loginSAMLRootURL(ctx),
-				Index:    len(spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices) + 2,
-			},
-		)
-		metadata.SPSSODescriptors[i] = spDesc
-	}
+	internalUI, _ := strconv.ParseBool(r.URL.Query().Get(paramInternalUI))
+	h.assertionConsumerServices(ctx, metadata, internalUI)

 	buf, _ := xml.MarshalIndent(metadata, "", "  ")
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/samlmetadata+xml")
@ -212,6 +202,48 @@ func (h *Handler) handleMetadata(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 }

+func (h *Handler) assertionConsumerServices(ctx context.Context, metadata *saml.EntityDescriptor, internalUI bool) {
+	if !internalUI {
+		for i, spDesc := range metadata.SPSSODescriptors {
+			spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices = append(
+				spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices,
+				saml.IndexedEndpoint{
+					Binding:  saml.HTTPPostBinding,
+					Location: h.loginSAMLRootURL(ctx),
+					Index:    len(spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices) + 1,
+				}, saml.IndexedEndpoint{
+					Binding:  saml.HTTPArtifactBinding,
+					Location: h.loginSAMLRootURL(ctx),
+					Index:    len(spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices) + 2,
+				},
+			)
+			metadata.SPSSODescriptors[i] = spDesc
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	for i, spDesc := range metadata.SPSSODescriptors {
+		acs := make([]saml.IndexedEndpoint, 0, len(spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices)+2)
+		acs = append(acs,
+			saml.IndexedEndpoint{
+				Binding:   saml.HTTPPostBinding,
+				Location:  h.loginSAMLRootURL(ctx),
+				Index:     0,
+				IsDefault: gu.Ptr(true),
+			},
+			saml.IndexedEndpoint{
+				Binding:  saml.HTTPArtifactBinding,
+				Location: h.loginSAMLRootURL(ctx),
+				Index:    1,
+			})
+		for i := 0; i < len(spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices); i++ {
+			spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices[i].Index = 2 + i
+			acs = append(acs, spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices[i])
+		}
+		spDesc.AssertionConsumerServices = acs
+		metadata.SPSSODescriptors[i] = spDesc
+	}
+}
+
 func (h *Handler) handleACS(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	ctx := r.Context()
 	data := parseSAMLRequest(r)
--- a/internal/api/idp/integration_test/idp_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/idp/integration_test/idp_test.go
@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	saml_xml "github.com/zitadel/saml/pkg/provider/xml"
+	"github.com/zitadel/saml/pkg/provider/xml/md"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"

 	http_util "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/http"
@ -111,13 +112,15 @@ func TestServer_SAMLMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	oauthIdpResp := Instance.AddGenericOAuthProvider(CTX, Instance.DefaultOrg.Id)

 	type args struct {
-		ctx   context.Context
-		idpID string
+		ctx        context.Context
+		idpID      string
+		internalUI bool
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
-		name string
-		args args
-		want int
+		name    string
+		args    args
+		want    int
+		wantACS []md.IndexedEndpointType
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "saml metadata, invalid idp",
@ -142,11 +145,115 @@ func TestServer_SAMLMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 				idpID: samlRedirectIdpID,
 			},
 			want: http.StatusOK,
+			wantACS: []md.IndexedEndpointType{
+				{
+					XMLName: xml.Name{
+						Space: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata",
+						Local: "AssertionConsumerService",
+					},
+					Index:            "1",
+					IsDefault:        "",
+					Binding:          saml.HTTPPostBinding,
+					Location:         http_util.BuildOrigin(Instance.Host(), Instance.Config.Secure) + "/idps/" + samlRedirectIdpID + "/saml/acs",
+					ResponseLocation: "",
+				},
+				{
+					XMLName: xml.Name{
+						Space: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata",
+						Local: "AssertionConsumerService",
+					},
+					Index:            "2",
+					IsDefault:        "",
+					Binding:          saml.HTTPArtifactBinding,
+					Location:         http_util.BuildOrigin(Instance.Host(), Instance.Config.Secure) + "/idps/" + samlRedirectIdpID + "/saml/acs",
+					ResponseLocation: "",
+				},
+				{
+					XMLName: xml.Name{
+						Space: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata",
+						Local: "AssertionConsumerService",
+					},
+					Index:            "3",
+					IsDefault:        "",
+					Binding:          saml.HTTPPostBinding,
+					Location:         http_util.BuildOrigin(Instance.Host(), Instance.Config.Secure) + "/ui/login/login/externalidp/saml/acs",
+					ResponseLocation: "",
+				},
+				{
+					XMLName: xml.Name{
+						Space: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata",
+						Local: "AssertionConsumerService",
+					},
+					Index:            "4",
+					IsDefault:        "",
+					Binding:          saml.HTTPArtifactBinding,
+					Location:         http_util.BuildOrigin(Instance.Host(), Instance.Config.Secure) + "/ui/login/login/externalidp/saml/acs",
+					ResponseLocation: "",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "saml metadata, ok (internalUI)",
+			args: args{
+				ctx:        CTX,
+				idpID:      samlRedirectIdpID,
+				internalUI: true,
+			},
+			want: http.StatusOK,
+			wantACS: []md.IndexedEndpointType{
+				{
+					XMLName: xml.Name{
+						Space: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata",
+						Local: "AssertionConsumerService",
+					},
+					Index:            "0",
+					IsDefault:        "true",
+					Binding:          saml.HTTPPostBinding,
+					Location:         http_util.BuildOrigin(Instance.Host(), Instance.Config.Secure) + "/ui/login/login/externalidp/saml/acs",
+					ResponseLocation: "",
+				},
+				{
+					XMLName: xml.Name{
+						Space: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata",
+						Local: "AssertionConsumerService",
+					},
+					Index:            "1",
+					IsDefault:        "",
+					Binding:          saml.HTTPArtifactBinding,
+					Location:         http_util.BuildOrigin(Instance.Host(), Instance.Config.Secure) + "/ui/login/login/externalidp/saml/acs",
+					ResponseLocation: "",
+				},
+				{
+					XMLName: xml.Name{
+						Space: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata",
+						Local: "AssertionConsumerService",
+					},
+					Index:            "2",
+					IsDefault:        "",
+					Binding:          saml.HTTPPostBinding,
+					Location:         http_util.BuildOrigin(Instance.Host(), Instance.Config.Secure) + "/idps/" + samlRedirectIdpID + "/saml/acs",
+					ResponseLocation: "",
+				},
+				{
+					XMLName: xml.Name{
+						Space: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata",
+						Local: "AssertionConsumerService",
+					},
+					Index:            "3",
+					IsDefault:        "",
+					Binding:          saml.HTTPArtifactBinding,
+					Location:         http_util.BuildOrigin(Instance.Host(), Instance.Config.Secure) + "/idps/" + samlRedirectIdpID + "/saml/acs",
+					ResponseLocation: "",
+				},
+			},
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			metadataURL := http_util.BuildOrigin(Instance.Host(), Instance.Config.Secure) + "/idps/" + tt.args.idpID + "/saml/metadata"
+			if tt.args.internalUI {
+				metadataURL = metadataURL + "?internalUI=true"
+			}
 			resp, err := http.Get(metadataURL)
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
 			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, resp.StatusCode)
@ -155,10 +262,11 @@ func TestServer_SAMLMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 				defer resp.Body.Close()
 				assert.NoError(t, err)

-				_, err = saml_xml.ParseMetadataXmlIntoStruct(b)
+				metadata, err := saml_xml.ParseMetadataXmlIntoStruct(b)
 				assert.NoError(t, err)
-			}

+				assert.Equal(t, metadata.SPSSODescriptor.AssertionConsumerService, tt.wantACS)
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/api/oidc/auth_request.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/auth_request.go
@ -600,6 +600,7 @@ func (s *Server) authResponseToken(authReq *AuthRequest, authorizer op.Authorize
 		nil,
 		slices.Contains(scope, oidc.ScopeOfflineAccess),
 		authReq.SessionID,
+		authReq.oidc().ResponseType,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		op.AuthRequestError(w, r, authReq, err, authorizer)
--- a/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/auth_request_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/auth_request_test.go
@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ var (
 )

 func TestOPStorage_CreateAuthRequest(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)

 	id := createAuthRequest(t, Instance, clientID, redirectURI)
@ -37,8 +35,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_CreateAuthRequest(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_CreateAccessToken_code(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	authRequestID := createAuthRequest(t, Instance, clientID, redirectURI)
 	sessionID, sessionToken, startTime, changeTime := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTXLOGIN, User.GetUserId())
@ -78,8 +74,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_CreateAccessToken_code(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_CreateAccessToken_implicit(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID := createImplicitClient(t)
 	authRequestID := createAuthRequestImplicit(t, clientID, redirectURIImplicit)
 	sessionID, sessionToken, startTime, changeTime := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTXLOGIN, User.GetUserId())
@ -130,8 +124,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_CreateAccessToken_implicit(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_CreateAccessAndRefreshTokens_code(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	authRequestID := createAuthRequest(t, Instance, clientID, redirectURI, oidc.ScopeOpenID, oidc.ScopeOfflineAccess)
 	sessionID, sessionToken, startTime, changeTime := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTXLOGIN, User.GetUserId())
@ -155,8 +147,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_CreateAccessAndRefreshTokens_code(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_CreateAccessAndRefreshTokens_refresh(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	provider, err := Instance.CreateRelyingParty(CTX, clientID, redirectURI)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@ -193,8 +183,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_CreateAccessAndRefreshTokens_refresh(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_access_token(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	provider, err := Instance.CreateRelyingParty(CTX, clientID, redirectURI)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@ -238,8 +226,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_access_token(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_access_token_invalid_token_hint_type(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	provider, err := Instance.CreateRelyingParty(CTX, clientID, redirectURI)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@ -277,8 +263,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_access_token_invalid_token_hint_type(t *testing.T
 }

 func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_refresh_token(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	provider, err := Instance.CreateRelyingParty(CTX, clientID, redirectURI)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@ -322,8 +306,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_refresh_token(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_refresh_token_invalid_token_type_hint(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	provider, err := Instance.CreateRelyingParty(CTX, clientID, redirectURI)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@ -361,8 +343,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_refresh_token_invalid_token_type_hint(t *testing.
 }

 func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_invalid_client(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	authRequestID := createAuthRequest(t, Instance, clientID, redirectURI, oidc.ScopeOpenID, oidc.ScopeOfflineAccess)
 	sessionID, sessionToken, startTime, changeTime := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTXLOGIN, User.GetUserId())
@ -393,8 +373,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_RevokeToken_invalid_client(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_TerminateSession(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	provider, err := Instance.CreateRelyingParty(CTX, clientID, redirectURI)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@ -432,8 +410,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_TerminateSession(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_TerminateSession_refresh_grant(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	provider, err := Instance.CreateRelyingParty(CTX, clientID, redirectURI)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@ -478,8 +454,6 @@ func TestOPStorage_TerminateSession_refresh_grant(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestOPStorage_TerminateSession_empty_id_token_hint(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	provider, err := Instance.CreateRelyingParty(CTX, clientID, redirectURI)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/client_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/client_test.go
@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_Introspect(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	project, err := Instance.CreateProject(CTX)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	app, err := Instance.CreateOIDCNativeClient(CTX, redirectURI, logoutRedirectURI, project.GetId(), false)
@ -143,8 +141,6 @@ func TestServer_Introspect(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_Introspect_invalid_auth_invalid_token(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	// ensure that when an invalid authentication and token is sent, the authentication error is returned
 	// https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/pull/8133
 	resourceServer, err := Instance.CreateResourceServerClientCredentials(CTX, "xxxxx", "xxxxx")
@ -191,8 +187,6 @@ func assertIntrospection(
 // TestServer_VerifyClient tests verification by running code flow tests
 // with clients that have different authentication methods.
 func TestServer_VerifyClient(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	sessionID, sessionToken, startTime, changeTime := Instance.CreateVerifiedWebAuthNSession(t, CTXLOGIN, User.GetUserId())
 	project, err := Instance.CreateProject(CTX)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/keys_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/keys_test.go
@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_Keys(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ctxLogin := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeLogin)

--- a/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/server_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/server_test.go
@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_RefreshToken_Status(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	clientID, _ := createClient(t, Instance)
 	provider, err := Instance.CreateRelyingParty(CTX, clientID, redirectURI)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/token_client_credentials_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/token_client_credentials_test.go
@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_ClientCredentialsExchange(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	machine, name, clientID, clientSecret, err := Instance.CreateOIDCCredentialsClient(CTX)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

--- a/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/token_exchange_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/token_exchange_test.go
@ -143,8 +143,6 @@ func refreshTokenVerifier(ctx context.Context, provider rp.RelyingParty, subject
 }

 func TestServer_TokenExchange(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ctx := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
 	userResp := instance.CreateHumanUser(ctx)
@ -365,8 +363,6 @@ func TestServer_TokenExchange(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestServer_TokenExchangeImpersonation(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ctx := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)
 	userResp := instance.CreateHumanUser(ctx)
@ -581,8 +577,6 @@ func TestServer_TokenExchangeImpersonation(t *testing.T) {
 // This test tries to call the zitadel API with an impersonated token,
 // which should fail.
 func TestImpersonation_API_Call(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	instance := integration.NewInstance(CTX)
 	ctx := instance.WithAuthorization(CTX, integration.UserTypeIAMOwner)

--- a/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/token_jwt_profile_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/integration_test/token_jwt_profile_test.go
@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestServer_JWTProfile(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	user, name, keyData, err := Instance.CreateOIDCJWTProfileClient(CTX)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

--- a/internal/api/oidc/token_client_credentials.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/token_client_credentials.go
@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ func (s *Server) ClientCredentialsExchange(ctx context.Context, r *op.ClientRequ
 		nil,
 		false,
 		"",
+		domain.OIDCResponseTypeUnspecified,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
--- a/internal/api/oidc/token_code.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/token_code.go
@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ func (s *Server) codeExchangeV1(ctx context.Context, client *Client, req *oidc.A
 		nil,
 		slices.Contains(scope, oidc.ScopeOfflineAccess),
 		authReq.SessionID,
+		authReq.oidc().ResponseType,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
--- a/internal/api/oidc/token_exchange.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/token_exchange.go
@ -300,6 +300,7 @@ func (s *Server) createExchangeAccessToken(
 		actor,
 		slices.Contains(scope, oidc.ScopeOfflineAccess),
 		"",
+		domain.OIDCResponseTypeUnspecified,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", "", "", 0, err
@ -346,6 +347,7 @@ func (s *Server) createExchangeJWT(
 		actor,
 		slices.Contains(scope, oidc.ScopeOfflineAccess),
 		"",
+		domain.OIDCResponseTypeUnspecified,
 	)
 	accessToken, err = s.createJWT(ctx, client, session, getUserInfo, roleAssertion, getSigner)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/api/oidc/token_jwt_profile.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/token_jwt_profile.go
@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ func (s *Server) JWTProfile(ctx context.Context, r *op.Request[oidc.JWTProfileGr
 		nil,
 		false,
 		"",
+		domain.OIDCResponseTypeUnspecified,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
--- a/internal/api/oidc/token_refresh.go
+++ b/internal/api/oidc/token_refresh.go
@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ func (s *Server) refreshTokenV1(ctx context.Context, client *Client, r *op.Clien
 		refreshToken.Actor,
 		true,
 		"",
+		domain.OIDCResponseTypeUnspecified,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
--- a/internal/api/ui/login/init_password_handler.go
+++ b/internal/api/ui/login/init_password_handler.go
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package login

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
-	"net/url"

 	http_mw "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/http/middleware"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/domain"
@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ type initPasswordData struct {
 	HasSymbol    string
 }

-func InitPasswordLink(origin, userID, code, orgID, authRequestID string) string {
-	v := url.Values{}
-	v.Set(queryInitPWUserID, userID)
-	v.Set(queryInitPWCode, code)
-	v.Set(queryOrgID, orgID)
-	v.Set(QueryAuthRequestID, authRequestID)
-	return externalLink(origin) + EndpointInitPassword + "?" + v.Encode()
+func InitPasswordLinkTemplate(origin, userID, orgID, authRequestID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s",
+		externalLink(origin), EndpointInitPassword,
+		queryInitPWUserID, userID,
+		queryInitPWCode, "{{.Code}}",
+		queryOrgID, orgID,
+		QueryAuthRequestID, authRequestID)
 }

 func (l *Login) handleInitPassword(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
--- a/internal/api/ui/login/init_user_handler.go
+++ b/internal/api/ui/login/init_user_handler.go
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package login

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
 	"strconv"

 	http_mw "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/http/middleware"
@ -44,15 +44,15 @@ type initUserData struct {
 	HasSymbol    string
 }

-func InitUserLink(origin, userID, loginName, code, orgID string, passwordSet bool, authRequestID string) string {
-	v := url.Values{}
-	v.Set(queryInitUserUserID, userID)
-	v.Set(queryInitUserLoginName, loginName)
-	v.Set(queryInitUserCode, code)
-	v.Set(queryOrgID, orgID)
-	v.Set(queryInitUserPassword, strconv.FormatBool(passwordSet))
-	v.Set(QueryAuthRequestID, authRequestID)
-	return externalLink(origin) + EndpointInitUser + "?" + v.Encode()
+func InitUserLinkTemplate(origin, userID, orgID, authRequestID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s",
+		externalLink(origin), EndpointInitUser,
+		queryInitUserUserID, userID,
+		queryInitUserLoginName, "{{.LoginName}}",
+		queryInitUserCode, "{{.Code}}",
+		queryOrgID, orgID,
+		queryInitUserPassword, "{{.PasswordSet}}",
+		QueryAuthRequestID, authRequestID)
 }

 func (l *Login) handleInitUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
--- a/internal/api/ui/login/invite_user_handler.go
+++ b/internal/api/ui/login/invite_user_handler.go
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package login

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
-	"net/url"

 	http_mw "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/http/middleware"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/domain"
@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ type inviteUserData struct {
 	HasSymbol    string
 }

-func InviteUserLink(origin, userID, loginName, code, orgID string, authRequestID string) string {
-	v := url.Values{}
-	v.Set(queryInviteUserUserID, userID)
-	v.Set(queryInviteUserLoginName, loginName)
-	v.Set(queryInviteUserCode, code)
-	v.Set(queryOrgID, orgID)
-	v.Set(QueryAuthRequestID, authRequestID)
-	return externalLink(origin) + EndpointInviteUser + "?" + v.Encode()
+func InviteUserLinkTemplate(origin, userID, orgID string, authRequestID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s",
+		externalLink(origin), EndpointInviteUser,
+		queryInviteUserUserID, userID,
+		queryInviteUserLoginName, "{{.LoginName}}",
+		queryInviteUserCode, "{{.Code}}",
+		queryOrgID, orgID,
+		QueryAuthRequestID, authRequestID)
 }

 func (l *Login) handleInviteUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
--- a/internal/api/ui/login/mail_verify_handler.go
+++ b/internal/api/ui/login/mail_verify_handler.go
@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ package login

 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
 	"slices"

 	"github.com/zitadel/logging"
@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ type mailVerificationData struct {
 	HasSymbol    string
 }

-func MailVerificationLink(origin, userID, code, orgID, authRequestID string) string {
-	v := url.Values{}
-	v.Set(queryUserID, userID)
-	v.Set(queryCode, code)
-	v.Set(queryOrgID, orgID)
-	v.Set(QueryAuthRequestID, authRequestID)
-	return externalLink(origin) + EndpointMailVerification + "?" + v.Encode()
+func MailVerificationLinkTemplate(origin, userID, orgID, authRequestID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s&%s=%s",
+		externalLink(origin), EndpointMailVerification,
+		queryUserID, userID,
+		queryCode, "{{.Code}}",
+		queryOrgID, orgID,
+		QueryAuthRequestID, authRequestID)
 }

 func (l *Login) handleMailVerification(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More