feat(oidc): use web keys for token signing and verification (#8449)

# Which Problems Are Solved

Use web keys, managed by the `resources/v3alpha/web_keys` API, for OIDC
token signing and verification,
as well as serving the public web keys on the jwks / keys endpoint.
Response header on the keys endpoint now allows caching of the response.
This is now "safe" to do since keys can be created ahead of time and
caches have sufficient time to pickup the change before keys get
enabled.

# How the Problems Are Solved

- The web key format is used in the `getSignerOnce` function in the
`api/oidc` package.
- The public key cache is changed to get and store web keys.
- The jwks / keys endpoint returns the combined set of valid "legacy"
public keys and all available web keys.
- Cache-Control max-age default to 5 minutes and is configured in
`defaults.yaml`.

When the web keys feature is enabled, fallback mechanisms are in place
to obtain and convert "legacy" `query.PublicKey` as web keys when
needed. This allows transitioning to the feature without invalidating
existing tokens. A small performance overhead may be noticed on the keys
endpoint, because 2 queries need to be run sequentially. This will
disappear once the feature is stable and the legacy code gets cleaned
up.

# Additional Changes

- Extend legacy key lifetimes so that tests can be run on an existing
database with more than 6 hours apart.
- Discovery endpoint returns all supported algorithms when the Web Key
feature is enabled.

# Additional Context

- Closes https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/8031
- Part of https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/7809
- After https://github.com/zitadel/oidc/pull/637
- After https://github.com/zitadel/oidc/pull/638

cmd/defaults.yaml

@@ -339,6 +339,9 @@ OIDC:
   AuthMethodPrivateKeyJWT: true # ZITADEL_OIDC_AUTHMETHODPRIVATEKEYJWT
   GrantTypeRefreshToken: true # ZITADEL_OIDC_GRANTTYPEREFRESHTOKEN
   RequestObjectSupported: true # ZITADEL_OIDC_REQUESTOBJECTSUPPORTED
+  
+  # Deprecated: The signing algorithm is determined by the generated keys.
+  # Use the web keys resource to generate keys with different algorithms.
   SigningKeyAlgorithm: RS256 # ZITADEL_OIDC_SIGNINGKEYALGORITHM
   # Sets the default values for lifetime and expiration for OIDC
   # This default can be overwritten in the default instance configuration and for each instance during runtime
@@ -349,10 +352,10 @@ OIDC:
   DefaultRefreshTokenIdleExpiration: 720h # ZITADEL_OIDC_DEFAULTREFRESHTOKENIDLEEXPIRATION
   # 2160h are 90 days, three months
   DefaultRefreshTokenExpiration: 2160h # ZITADEL_OIDC_DEFAULTREFRESHTOKENEXPIRATION
-  Cache:
-    MaxAge: 12h # ZITADEL_OIDC_CACHE_MAXAGE
-    # 168h is 7 days, one week
-    SharedMaxAge: 168h # ZITADEL_OIDC_CACHE_SHAREDMAXAGE
+  
+  # HTTP Cache-Control max-age header value to set on the jwks endpoint.
+  # Only used when the web keys feature is enabled.  0 sets a no-store value.
+  JWKSCacheControlMaxAge: 5m # ZITADEL_OIDC_JWKSCACHECONTROLMAXAGE
   CustomEndpoints:
     Auth:
       Path: /oauth/v2/authorize # ZITADEL_OIDC_CUSTOMENDPOINTS_AUTH_PATH